Implementation of Cleanliness, Health and Environmental Sustainability Guidelines in Restaurants around the Southern Java Crossing Route in Ciamis Regency

This study aims to determine the extent to which restaurants on the southern route of Java in Ciamis district implement standard health protocols for Cleanliness, Health, Safety and Environmental Sustainability (CHSE) in order to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. This standard health protocol refers to the health guidebook in hotels and restaurants (CHSE) that has been issued and published by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. This research was conducted as a measuring tool as a control reference in the implementation of the CHSE health protocol, especially in restaurants in the southern route of Java, Ciamis district. This study used a survey research method approach with data collection techniques through interviews; observation, and literature study. The population in this study were restaurants located on the southern route of Java in Ciamis Regency with a non-random sampling technique, namely accidental sampling. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of general guidelines and specific guidelines for CHSE health protocols is still not going well.

Changes in shipping navigability in the Canadian Arctic between 1972 and 2016

There have been rapid recent reductions in sea ice age and extent in the Canadian Arctic, but little previous analysis of how this has impacted the navigability of Arctic shipping. In this study we analyze how navigability changed over the period 1972–2016 by converting Canadian Ice Service ice charts to shipping navigability charts for different hull strength classifications based on the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System. Analysis focuses on the southern route of the Northwest Passage, and the Arctic Bridge route across Hudson Bay, for changes in early-season (∼25 June), mid-season (∼3 September), and late-season (∼15 October) conditions. Results reveal that there has been a marked easing in shipping navigability for all vessels over the past decade, driven by reductions in the area and age of sea ice, particularly across the southern route of the Northwest Passage. Both medium (Type B) and little (Type E) ice strengthened vessels were able to transit the full length of this route in the middle part of the shipping season in 2012–2016, but not in 1972–1976 or 1992–1996.

The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

The Hetian Bizili site in Lop County, located on the southern route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated on this site. In this study we determined the chemical compositions and manufacturing technology of bodies and decorations of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of Bizili by using LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na2O–CaO–SiO2, with plant ash mainly used as a flux. Lead antimonate and lead stannate were used as the opacifying agents. We detected elevated levels of boron and high levels of phosphorus in some beads: this is discussed in the context of the type of flux used and the possible use of a P-rich opacifier. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Pakistan. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made ‘eye’ beads in different ways and also trail decorated beads.

Journey From Central Asia To Mecca In The 19th Century: Roads And Conditions (Based On Muntahab Ut-Tawarikh)

It is known that in the XVI-early XX centuries there were three main routes from Central Asia to Mecca - the northern route through the territory of the Russian Empire, the southern route through India and the central route through Iran. It is through these routes that a number of works dedicated to the memories of the pilgrimage by some pilgrims who have made the pilgrimage have come down to us. They contain very valuable information about the history of the pilgrimages of the peoples of Central Asia, the ways of pilgrimage and the conditions in them.

The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

The Hetian Bizili site of the Lop County, located in the southern route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated on this site. This study analyzed the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of the Bizili site by using various analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 , with plant ash and natron as fluxes. The lead antimonite and lead stannate were applied as the opacifying agents. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Ancient India. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made eyeballs of glass beads in different ways and even applied the same process as Etched Carnelian beads in some beads. This study confirmed that Bizili was an essential place for the interactions between the East and the West and provided the foundation for the spreading of glass beads.

The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

The Hetian Bizili site of the Lop County, located in the southern route of the Silk Road in the Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated in this site. This study analyzed the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of the Bizili site by using various analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 , with plant ash and natron as fluxes. The lead antimonite and lead stannate were applied as the opacifying agents. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Ancient India. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made eyeballs of glass beads in different ways, and even applied the same process as Etched Carnelian beads in some beads. This study confirmed that Bizili was an essential place for the interactions between the East and the West and provided the foundation for the spreading of glass beads.

Constructing the Arcto-Pacific

This article is devoted to considering and providing grounds for a promising geopolitical construct of the future—the Arcto-Pacific—which may be destined to complement the idea of Greater Eurasia. The author believes that favorable conditions are emerging for tapping the economic potential of the Arctic seas. Global warming allows for using northern routes to an ever greater extent, while booming Asian economies, and China in the first place, are a reason for redirecting transit flows through the Arctic. Until just recently, the Northern Sea Route’s development was relatively slow, as the alternative one through the Suez Canal was more reliable, by and large, in terms of costs and delivery time. The beginning of a Cold War between the United States and China serves as an incentive to opting for a different cargo traffic artery linking China and Europe. In contrast to the southern route, shipping through the Arctic is safer and ever more predictable with every passing year. In combination with the import of natural resources from the Arctic, the possibility of northern transit is becoming a major factor in another Cold War. In a situation like this Russia will have to look out for new partners and new diplomatic solutions in order to retain sovereignty over the Arctic seas.

Comment on “Eocene Fagaceae from Patagonia and Gondwanan legacy in Asian rainforests”

Wilf et al. (Research Articles, 7 June 2019, eaaw5139) claim that Castanopsis evolved in the Southern Hemisphere from where it spread to its modern distribution in Southeast Asia. However, extensive paleobotanical records of Antarctica and Australia lack evidence of any Fagaceae, and molecular patterns indicate shared biogeographic histories of Castanopsis, Castanea, Lithocarpus, and Quercus subgenus Cerris, making the southern route unlikely.

Response to Comment on “Eocene Fagaceae from Patagonia and Gondwanan legacy in Asian rainforests”

Denk et al. agree that we reported the first fossil Fagaceae from the Southern Hemisphere. We appreciate their general enthusiasm for our findings, but we reject their critiques, which we find misleading and biased. The new fossils unequivocally belong to Castanopsis, and substantial evidence supports our Southern Route to Asia hypothesis.