Political Prefects: The Regional Political Bosses of Mexico

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Gloria Falcón Vega
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Political Factions ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
New Research ◽  
Sanitary Services ◽  
The Revolution

During the formation of the Mexican nation, jefaturas políticas, or prefectures, as they will be called generically in this article, were basic institutions (1812–1917) for centralizing and organizing power and assuring governance. This was a vital task given the civil and international wars the country would endure. These powerful institutions were the mediators between the upper and lower political echelons and social classes. In the prefectures were vested an impressive range of diverse responsibilities—agrarian, fiscal, preserving order, military conscriptions, educational, medical and sanitary services, promoting the economy, elaborating statistics, mapmaking—which made modernization and administrative functionality very difficult. At the turn of the 20th century, this was an obstacle to the modernization and efficacy of the regime. Even though prefectures had responsibilities for all of Mexico, they also had an important degree of flexibility to attend to local needs. Therefore, laws and practices were adapted to the peculiarities of the different states, for example, regulating labor or conciliating rivalries that sprang from the application of liberal agrarian policies. Prefects governed specific political districts in which the states were divided and were generally appointed and removed freely by the governors as their personal representatives to enforce laws and policies and to control any opposition. They were remembered in popular imaginary, literary, and revolutionary historiography as brutal and corrupt functionaries loyal only to the upper classes and their clientelist networks. Contemporary studies have proved that these modalities—brutality and corruption—have a place in the prefect’s box of tools, but new research has widened the historiographic perspective and showed how differently these functionaries could act. In fact, they used most of their energy trying to negotiate with the whole range of social classes and political factions. But their repressive character led to its elimination: they fought the revolution of 1910, and when they lost they were suppressed in 1917.

The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in 20th‐Century Physics

Physics Today ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 92-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Crease ◽  
Charles C. Mann ◽  
David Park
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
20Th Century Physics ◽  
The Revolution

Wankelende wetenschap. De studie van de journalistiek & de revolutie in de media

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank van Vree
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Public ◽  
Journalism Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Revolution

An Unstable Discipline. Journalism Studies & the Revolution in the Media An Unstable Discipline. Journalism Studies & the Revolution in the Media During the last decade media and journalism have got into turmoil; landslides have changed the traditional media landscape, overturning familiar marking points, institutions and patterns. To understand these radical changes journalism studies should not only develop a new research agenda, but also review its approach and perspective.This article looks back on recent development in the field and argues for a more cohesive perspective, taking journalism as a professional practice as its starting point. Furthermore a plea is made for a thorough research into the structural changes of the public sphere and the role and position of journalism.

scholarly journals Sectarian Translation of the Qur’an in Indonesia: The Case of the Ahmadiyya

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Ahmad Najib Burhani
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Dutch Translation ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
Muhammad Rashid Rida ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
The Revolution

Ahmadiyya’s translations of the Quran have some distinctive characteristics compared to the translations from Sunni Muslims. However, these translations, particularly Soedowo-Dutch translation of Muhammad Ali’s The Holy Quran, have been influential in Indonesian Sunni community in the first half of the 20th century. Against the opposition from the Muhammadiyah and the fatwa from Muhammad Rashid Rida of Egypt, which prohibited the use of Ahmadiyya’s translation, the Soedewo-Dutch translation was widely used by Dutch-educated intelligentsia as a main source to know about Islam. This article specifically answers the following questions: Why did Ahmadiyya’s translations of the Quran have a significant place in Indonesia? What was the appeal of these translations to Indonesian intelligentsia? What is the contribution of these translations to the study of the Quran in this country? This paper argues that the success of Ahmadiyya’s translation, particularly the Dutch version, during the revolution era is based on three reasons: language (Dutch is the language of intelligentsia), content (which fit with the need of intelligentsia who seek a harmonious understanding between religie and wetenschap), and form (the only available rendering of the Quran in modern form of publication). In the context of ideology, the reception of Muslim intelligentsia was mainly for their contribution in defending Islam against the penetration of Christian mission and the coming of anti-religion ideologies, particularly materialism and atheism, by strongly challenging their doctrines. <br />[Terjemah al-Quran versi Ahmadiyah memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan terjemah versi Islam sunni pada umumnya.  Namun demikian, terjemah seperti di atas, khususnya terjemah al-Quran dalam bahasa Belanda --yang dialih-bahasakan dari The Holy Qur’ān karya Muhammad Ali oleh Soedowo-- cukup berpengaruh di masyarakat muslim Indonesia pada paruh pertama abad ke-20. Bertentagan dengan fatwa dari Muhammadiyah maupun dari Muhammad Rashid Rida yang melarang penggunaan terjemah versi Ahmadiyyah, terjemha Soedewo ini justru menjadi rujukan bagi kalangan terdidik untuk memahami Islam. Tulisan ini secara khusus menjawab pertanyaan: mengapa terjemah al-Quran versi Ahmadiyyah ini cukup berpengaruh di Indonesia, apa yang menarik dari tterjemah ini bagi mereka, serta apa sumbangan pemikiran terjemah ini pada perkembangan keilmuan al-Quran di negeri ini. Menurut penulis, terjemah versi Ahmadiyyah, khususnya yang berbahasa Belanda, mengalami kesuksesan pada masa revolusi dipengaruhi oleh tiga hal: (1) bahasa Belanda  yyang dipakai adalah bahasa kalangan terdidik, (2) isinya sesuai dengan kebutuhan kalangan terpelajar yang ingin mencari pemahaman yang harmonis antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan, dan (3) terjemah ini merupakan satu-satunya bentuk publikasi modern dari terjemah al-Quran yang ada pada masa itu. Dalam konteks ideologi, penerimaan kaum intelektual ini terutama terkait dengan upaya perlawanan Islam terhadap tekanan misi Kristen dan masuknya ideologi-ideologi anti agama, khususnya materialisme dan atheisme.]

scholarly journals Drug resistance of M. tuberculosis (historical aspects, current level of knowledge)

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
I. A. Burmistrova ◽  
A. G. Samoylova ◽  
T. E. Tyulkova ◽  
E. V. Vaniev ◽  
G. S. Balasanyants ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
New Research

The review presents data on the frequency of detection of drug resistant (DR) tuberculosis mycobacteria (MTB) as well as on the change in DR patterns in Russia and abroad from the mid-50s of the 20th century till the present. Along with the well-known mechanisms for DR MTB development, it tells about new research describing mutations associated with drug resistance.

scholarly journals Sh. Murtazanyń «Tamuq» shyǵarmasyndaǵy Turar obrazy [The Image of Turar in the Work «Hell» by Sh. Murtaza]

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (117) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Nýsýpova A.J. Sh. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social World ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
New Research

The article examines a work based on the fate of the historical personality of Turar Ryskulov, a complex and full of struggle. We are also talking about the artistic and creative sphere of the writer, the essence of worldview and theoretical knowledge, methods and principles of the analysis of a work of art. Using a new approach, an overview of the life and creative path of T. Ryskulov, who lived and worked in the 20th century in the social world of Kazakhstan, is made. The article reveals the artistic solution of the work «Tamuk» («Underworld») by the writer who introduced a new trend in Kazakh literature, including Kazakh prose, sh. Murtaza. In addition, the formation of a writer as a writer and his new research in this direction, thematic-ideological, stylistic-linguistic, genre characteristics are considered in close connection with the literary process. The work «Tamuk» extensively analyzes the worldview of T. Ryskulov, his deep thoughts. В статье рассматривается произведение, в основе которого лежит судьба исторической личности Турара Рыскулова, сложная и полная борьбы. Речь идет также о художественно-творческой сфере писателя, сущности мировоззрения и теоретических знаний, способах и принципах анализа художественного произведения. Используя новый подход, сделан обзор жизненного и творческого пути Т. Рыскулова, жившего и творившего в 20 веке в общественном мире Казахстана. В статье раскрывается художественное решение произведения «Тамук» («Преисподняя») писателя, внесшего новое направление в казахскую литературу, в том числе и в казахскую прозу, Ш. Муртазы. Кроме того, становление писателя как писателя и его новые исследования в этом направлении, тематико-идеологические, стилистико-лингвистические, жанровые характеристики рассматриваются в тесной связи с литературным процессом. В произведении «Тамук» подробно анализируется мировоззрение Т. Рыскулова, его глубокие мысли.

European Tapestries

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Metropolitan Museum ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Art Form ◽  
New Research

Tapestry, the most costly and coveted art form in Renaissance and Baroque Europe, has long fascinated scholars. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, researchers delved into archival sources and studied extant tapestries to produce sweeping introductions to the medium. The study of tapestry, however, fell outside mainstream art history, with tapestry too often seen as a less important “decorative art” rather than a “fine art.” , Also, tapestry did not fit easily into an art history that prioritized one master, as the making of a set of large-scale tapestries required a team of collaborators, including the designer, cartoon painters, and weavers, as well as a producer/entrepreneur and, often, a patron. Scholarship on European tapestries in the Early Modern period, nevertheless, flourished. By the late 20th century art historians turned attention to the “decorative arts” and tapestry specialists produced exciting new research illuminating aspects of design, production, and patronage, as well as tapestry’s crucial role in the larger narrative of art and cultural history. In 2002, the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s landmark exhibition and catalogue, Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence, spotlighted the art form, introduced it to a broad audience, and brought new understanding of tapestry as art. A sequel, the Met’s 2007 exhibition and catalogue, Tapestry in the Baroque: Threads of Splendor, followed. Other major museums presented ambitious exhibitions, accompanied by catalogues with substantial new research. In addition, from the late 20th century, institutions have produced complete catalogues of their extraordinary European tapestry holdings, among them: the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; the Patrimonio Nacional in Spain; the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam; the Art Institute of Chicago; and the Burrell Collection in Glasgow. At the same time, articles and books exploring specific designs, designers, producers, and patrons appeared, with some monographs published in the dedicated series, Studies in Western Tapestry, edited by leading scholars Guy Delmarcel and Koenraad Brosens, and produced by Brepols. Tapestry research has often focused on the works of well-known designers and their exceptionally innovative work, such as the artists Raphael (b. 1483–d. 1520) or Peter Paul Rubens (b. 1577–d. 1640). High-quality production at major centers, including Brussels or at the Gobelins Manufactory in France, has also captured scholars’ attention, as have important patrons, among them Henry VIII of England (b. 1491–d. 1547) or Louis XIV of France (b. 1638–d. 1715). Newer directions for research include the contributions of women as weavers and entrepreneurs, the practice of reweaving designs, and the international reach and appeal of Renaissance and Baroque tapestry beyond Europe.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Boaz Huss
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Jewish Mysticism ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Academic Study ◽  
The Revolution

The introduction presents Martin Buber’s early 20th century attempt to expose the existence of “Jewish mysticism,” and the later establishment of the academic study of Jewish mysticism by Geshom Scholem, and the revolution that occurred in the study of Jewish mysticsm in the 1980’s. The introduction outlines the genealogical study and critical examination of the concept and research field of Jewish mysticism that will be presented in the book, and explains that it seeks to expose the deep-rooted factors that have guided (and continue to guide) the identification of Kabbalah and Hasidism as mysticism, and how these influence the ways in which these movements are interpreted and studied. It discussed that two central claims that guide the discussion in this book. The first is that mysticism, in general, and Jewish mysticism, in particular, are not natural and universal phenomena that were discovered by researchers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Rather, these are discursive constructs which served to catalogue, compare, and explain a broad range of cultural products and social structures not necessarily related to one another. The second claim that guides the discussion of the study of Jewish mysticism involves the theological assumptions that underpin the category of mysticism.

Revisiting the Politics of Zanzibar: In Search of the Root Causes of the 1964 Revolution

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Kyu-Deug Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Structure ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Colonial Policies ◽  
The Revolution

Under the fragile economic structure, the emergence of the British Protectorate, which was first established in 1890, created the highly differentiated system of racially identifiable economic and social classes in the Zanzibari society. This British colonial policies, which ultimately divided and fragmented the multiracial and cosmopolitan society of Zanzibar, promoted the condition for the non-privileged and inferior classes to form the resistant and counterbalancing forces against the colonial linkages. Within this context, Zanzibar was also politically affected by the ideological influences of Pan-Africanism as well as ethnic nationalisms which were conducive to constructing an evolving, dynamic and flexible politics of Zanzibari (or swahili) society. Focusing on the major two factors such as economic structure and ideological and/or political structure embedded in the Zanzibari society, hence, this article attempts to explore the underlying forces to bring forth the revolution of Zanzibar in 1964.

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