scholarly journals Moral fictionalism, the Frege-Geach problem, and reasonable inference

Analysis ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Kalderon
Keyword(s):  
2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 3131-3148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Youssef ◽  
Edward Susko ◽  
Joseph P Bielawski

Abstract Do interactions between residues in a protein (i.e., epistasis) significantly alter evolutionary dynamics? If so, what consequences might they have on inference from traditional codon substitution models which assume site-independence for the sake of computational tractability? To investigate the effects of epistasis on substitution rates, we employed a mechanistic mutation-selection model in conjunction with a fitness framework derived from protein stability. We refer to this as the stability-informed site-dependent (S-SD) model and developed a new stability-informed site-independent (S-SI) model that captures the average effect of stability constraints on individual sites of a protein. Comparison of S-SI and S-SD offers a novel and direct method for investigating the consequences of stability-induced epistasis on protein evolution. We developed S-SI and S-SD models for three natural proteins and showed that they generate sequences consistent with real alignments. Our analyses revealed that epistasis tends to increase substitution rates compared with the rates under site-independent evolution. We then assessed the epistatic sensitivity of individual site and discovered a counterintuitive effect: Highly connected sites were less influenced by epistasis relative to exposed sites. Lastly, we show that, despite the unrealistic assumptions, traditional models perform comparably well in the presence and absence of epistasis and provide reasonable summaries of average selection intensities. We conclude that epistatic models are critical to understanding protein evolutionary dynamics, but epistasis might not be required for reasonable inference of selection pressure when averaging over time and sites.


1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod O'Donnell

It is well known that the General Theory contains only one diagram, this occurring in chapter 14 criticising the orthodox theory of the rate of interest. Attached to the diagram is a footnote containing an acknowledgement: “This diagram was suggested to me by Mr. R.F. Harrod” (CW VII, p. 180). The impression conveyed by this remark is that Harrod drew the diagram and offered it to Keynes, who then accepted and used it. Further enquiry into the diagram's origins reveals the existence of an initial version which grew out of correspondence between Keynes and Harrod in August-September 1935 (CW XIII, pp. 526-63). Two of Harrod's writings–his (1951) Keynes biography and a letter to Hawtrey in 1951–imply that he was the author of the initial version, and that this was essentially the same as the published version. And, in seeming corroboration of Harrod's comments, there is the virtual equivalence of the initial version given in The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (CW XIII, p. 557) and the final version printed in the General Theory (CW VII, p. 180J. Taken individually and collectively, these items of evidence all point in the same direction. They support the reasonable inference that, apart from trivial changes in lettering, Harrod was the sole author and creator of the initial and final versions of the diagram, and that Keynes was merely the recipient.


1997 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry E. Kyburg
Keyword(s):  

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Chalk ◽  
S. C. Dare ◽  
G. R. G. Lewison

It has for some years now almost been folklore that the marine traffic situation in the Dover Strait is one of great potential danger. Very considerable efforts have been made to alleviate the situation. There is a complete traffic separation scheme (the first in the world), there is continuous radar surveillance both from England and France, there are routine broadcasts on v.h.f. to warn mariners of any navigational problems, and there is now a system whereby certain ships report-in. Concurrently with all this activity, the accident rate has dropped significantly over the last decade, especially in fog, and it is a reasonable inference that the reduction in the number and severity of accidents is attributable to this activity.But patterns of navigation change, and it is necessary for marine administrators to be aware of problem areas as or before they arise so that marine management measures can be introduced when appropriate. Factors to be taken into account are the volume and characteristics of the traffic, the difficulty of navigation and the accident record. One of us has drawn attention to the traffic situation off East Anglia and suggested that a prima facie case for some remedial measures had been made. This paper examines the available evidence in more detail.First, an account is given of the accident record in the area under consideration (Figs 1, 2) over the last 10 years. Both the numbers and severity of collisions and strandings are discussed.


2004 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
David Bagchi

At the beginning of his De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium of early October 1520, Luther announced that there, were not seven sacraments of the Church, but only three – baptism, penance, and the Lord’s Supper. By the end of the treatise, the three had been reduced to two. His reasoning was starkly logical. A sacrament, to be a sacrament, must contain the promise of forgiveness of sins, and have attached to it a visible sign instituted by Jesus Christ. Because no such visible sign is associated with the rite, penance cannot be a sacrament. A reasonable inference to draw is that Luther must have come to reject the sacramentality of penance by the time he composed De captivitate Babylonica, in perhaps August 1520.


PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11494
Author(s):  
Yanyi Huang ◽  
Tao Yi ◽  
Yushu Liu ◽  
Mengyun Yan ◽  
Xinli Peng ◽  
...  

Introduction Thyroid cancer is a very common malignant tumor in the endocrine system, while the incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) throughout the world also shows a trend of increase year by year. In this study, we constructed two models: ICIscore and Riskscore. Combined with these two models, we can make more accurate and reasonable inferences about the prognosis of PTC patients. Methods We selected 481 PTC samples from TCGA and 147 PTC samples from GEO (49 samples in GSE33630, 65 samples in GSE35570 and 33 samples in GSE60542). We performed consistent clustering for them and divided them into three subgroups and screened differentially expressed genes from these three subgroups. Then we divided the differential genes into three subtypes. We also distinguished the up-regulated and down-regulated genes and calculated ICIscore for each PTC sample. ICIscore consists of two parts: (1) the PCAu was calculated from up-regulated genes. (2) the PCAd was calculated from down-regulated genes. The PCAu and PCAd of each sample were the first principal component of the relevant gene. What’s more, we divided the patients into two groups and constructed mRNA prognostic signatures. Additionally we also verified the independent prognostic value of the signature. Results Though ICIscore, we were able to observe the relationship between immune infiltration and prognosis. The result suggests that the activation of the immune system may have both positive and negative consequences. Though Riskscore, we could make more accurate predictions about the prognosis of patients with PTC. Meanwhile, we also generated and validated the ICIscore group and Riskscore group respectively. Conclusion All the research results show that by combining the two models constructed, ICIscore and Riskscore, we can make a more accurate and reasonable inference about the prognosis of patients with clinical PTC patients. This suggests that we can provide more effective and reasonable treatment plan for clinical PTC patients.


1881 ◽  
Vol 26 (116) ◽  
pp. 551-554
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Bacon

This case has several points of interest, alike for the surgeon and the asylum physician, and may be worthy of record. It is not often that trephining is had resort to except in cases of serious external injury, and then generally at the time of the accident. In the present instance, the mental symptoms dated from the time the patient received a blow on the head, and they disappeared quickly after the operation—nineteen months later. Although it would be absurd to say that the cure of the patient could be due to nothing but the operation, I think it is a fair and reasonable inference that the trephining was the means of restoring the man to health. Subjoined are the principal facts in the history of the case:—


2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (47) ◽  
pp. 23448-23454
Author(s):  
Xingyan Guo ◽  
Dong Chen ◽  
Gary Parker

Information concerning the dynamics of river meandering is embedded in their planforms. Here, we focus on how bend skewing varies with increasing sinuosity, and how flow direction is embedded in bend skewing. It has often been thought that upstream-skewed bends are dominant within a sufficiently long reach. These bends may allow a reasonable inference as to the direction of flow. Here we consider this issue using 20 reaches of freely meandering alluvial rivers that are in remote locations, generally far from human influence. We find that low-amplitude bends tend to be downstream-, rather than upstream-skewed. Bends with sinuosity greater than 2.6, however, are predominantly upstream-skewed. Of particular interest are the neck cutoffs, all chosen to be relatively recent according to their position related to the main channel: 84% of these are upstream-skewed. Neck cutoffs, which have likely evolved directly from bends of the highest sinuosity, represent the planform feature most likely to have flow direction embedded in them. The field data suggest that meander bends without external forcing such as engineering works tend to evolve from downstream-skewed low-sinuosity bends to upstream-skewed high-sinuosity bends before cutoff. This process can be reproduced, to some extent, using models coupling sedimentary dynamics with flow dynamics.


2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Vladan Djordjevic

In a previous paper of mine I offered solutions to three paradoxes, two of which were solved in Stalnaker?s famous paper ?Indicative Conditionals? in terms of his distinction between valid and reasonable inference. In a sense my solutions to the two paradoxes are very similar. In this paper I explain why, despite the similarity, I looked for a different solution and new distinctions. After explaining the similarity, I argue that my distinctions point to a more basic phenomenon, which I try to show by applying the distinctions to problems that cannot be solved in terms of Stalnaker?s distinction. The third paradox is one such problem. Beside that, each of the paradoxes, originally formulated in terms of indicative conditionals, can be formulated in terms of counterfactual conditionals. I solve these cases in exactly the same way, while Stalnaker?s distinction is not applicable to them.


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