scholarly journals A-158 The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Attentional Bias

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-952
Author(s):  
Owens R ◽  
Smith S ◽  
Lindsey S ◽  
Marker C ◽  
Robinson B
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Family Conflict ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Abstract Objective This study aims to investigate the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs, specifically household dysfunction) and attentional bias. Research has shown that ACEs can induce psychological stress and result in greater risk for neuropsychological difficulties among children who experience them (Raver and Blair., 2016). Therefore, we hypothesize that children with higher levels of ACE exposure will show higher levels of attentional bias overall. Data Selection Data was obtained through the longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. The broader dataset was narrowed to include variables related to household dysfunction: Parent Family Environment Scale—Family Conflict Subscale Modified from PhenX and Parent Neighborhood Safety/Crime Modified from PhenX. Attentional bias was measured via the Youth Emotional Stroop Test. Data Synthesis Data was analyzed using a Bivariate correlation between predictor variables and participant latency on incongruent items within the Youth Emotional Stroop Test. Neighborhood crime and response latency were significantly correlated at r(4838) = −.041, p < .001. Neighborhood crime and family conflict were significantly correlated at r(4838) = −.040, p < .001. Additionally, we used linear regression to examine the roles of neighborhood crime and family conflict as predictors of attentional bias (N = 4838). The two variables together significantly predicted attentional bias, F(2, 4835) = 4.50, p = .012, r2 .002. Conclusion Although family conflict was not significantly related to attentional bias, our results support previous research and our hypothesis that higher levels of exposure to ACEs are significantly associated with an increase in attentional bias for environmentally threatening stimuli (Caldwell., Carter., and Minzenberg 2014).

scholarly journals Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Dube ◽  
V. J. Felitti ◽  
M. Dong ◽  
D. P. Chapman ◽  
W. H. Giles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood

scholarly journals A systematic review to investigate whether the current family court process in Scotland, leads to emotionally functional adults in cases of adverse childhood experiences.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Family Court ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Family Contact

The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate whether the current family court procedure in Scotland, involving cases of adverse childhood experiences exacerbated by parental abuse or household dysfunction, is likely to contribute, even inadvertently, to a deficit in emotional functionality in adults. Firstly, I will explore the literature on adverse childhood experiences, focussing on aspects such as critical periods of development, responsivity to stress, neural plasticity and the importance of family, to establish the potential effects on children’s social development, educational attainment, behavioural system, physical system and neurological development. Secondly, by exploring emotion regulation and the biological mechanisms that regulate the body’s stress hormone response system, I aim to identify how the association between stress and empathy impact the behavioural and emotional systems, to establish whether reduced empathy development is a potential pathway to future psychotic disorders, particularly, within populations with a history of childhood maltreatment.Finally, I will investigate how the court conducts family contact disputes, maintaining a balance between participation and protection of the child, whilst retaining the equilibrium of these views and the welfare principle.

scholarly journals Attentional bias in individuals with depression and adverse childhood experiences: influence of the noradrenergic system?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linn K. Kuehl ◽  
Christian E. Deuter ◽  
Jan Nowacki ◽  
Lisa Ueberrueck ◽  
Katja Wingenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Noradrenergic System ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Abstract Rationale Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental disorder with affective, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. Mood congruent cognitive biases, including a negative attentional bias, are important for development, maintenance, and recurrence of depressive symptoms. MDD is associated with maladaptive changes in the biological stress systems such as dysregulations of central noradrenergic alpha2-receptors in the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system, which can affect cognitive processes including attention. Patients with adverse childhood experiences (ACE), representing severe stress experiences in early life, might be particularly affected. Objectives With an experimental design, we aimed to gain further knowledge about the role of noradrenergic activity for attentional bias in MDD patients with and without ACE. Methods We tested the effect of increased noradrenergic activity induced by the alpha2-receptor blocker yohimbine on attentional bias in a placebo-controlled repeated measures design. Four groups were included as follows: MDD patients with and without ACE, and healthy participants with and without ACE (total N = 128, all without antidepressant medication). Results A significant effect of MDD on attentional bias scores of sad face pictures (p = .037) indicated a facilitated attentional processing of sad face pictures in MDD patients (compared to non-MDD individuals). However, we found no such effect of ACE. For attentional bias of happy face pictures, we found no significant effects of MDD and ACE. Even though a higher increase of blood pressure and salivary alpha-amylase following yohimbine compared to placebo indicated successful noradrenergic stimulation, we found no significant effects of yohimbine on attentional bias of happy or sad face pictures. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the hypothesis of a negative attentional bias in MDD patients. However, as we found no effect of ACE or yohimbine, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which ACE increases the risk of MDD and to understand the biological basis of the MDD-related negative attentional bias.

An evaluation of a simulation and video-based training program to address adverse childhood experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 366-375
Author(s):  
Julie Miller-Cribbs ◽  
Jedediah Bragg ◽  
Frances Wen ◽  
Martina Jelley ◽  
Kim A Coon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Stigma Reduction ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Training Outcomes ◽  
Model And Simulation ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Trauma Informed

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are multiple sources of maltreatment and household dysfunction with tremendous impact on health. A trauma-informed (TI) approach is preferred when working with patients with ACEs. The Professional ACEs-Informed Training for Health© (PATH©) educational program and simulation experience using standardized patients (SP) was developed to help healthcare professionals address ACEs with adults. PATH© is a 3–4 hour curriculum comprised of lecture and discussion, video-based demonstration, simulation experience, and debriefing. It was first developed for primary care (PC) residents in family medicine and internal medicine, and subsequently modified for occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) students. This study evaluates a preliminary dataset focusing on PATH© skills of PC residents and OT and PT students during simulation. Recordings of 53 learner-SP encounters from 15 OT and PT students and 38 PC residents were coded using standardized behavioral codes. A subset of ten recordings of PC residents who participated in simulations in the first and fourth year of the training program allowed for evaluation of training outcomes over time. Results showed that medical residents and OT and PT students demonstrated skills during SP encounters congruent with TI training on addressing ACEs with adults, particularly in explaining ACEs, demonstrating empathy, collaborative treatment planning, and stigma reduction. PC residents showed both positive and negative changes in PATH©-specific skills from year 1 to 4 of the training program. This study supports the PATH© model and simulation-based training in preparing clinicians to address ACEs with adults and provides insight into further curriculum improvement.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Delinquency in a High-Risk Sample

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Fagan ◽  
Abigail Novak
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Adolescent Delinquency ◽  
Youth Offenders ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Research shows that adverse events experienced during childhood (i.e., adverse childhood experiences [ACEs]) are problematic, but few studies have examined race differences in the prevalence and impact of ACEs on delinquency. This study investigated these relationships using prospective data from approximately 600 high-risk families in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Ten ACEs were measured, five types of child maltreatment and five types of household dysfunction. White youth experienced a significantly greater number of ACEs (4.08) compared to Black youth (2.90) and a greater prevalence of seven individual ACEs. According to logistic regression analyses, the number of ACEs significantly increased the likelihood of self-reported alcohol use, marijuana use, violence (in some models), and arrest at age 16 among Blacks but not Whites; race differences were statistically significant for alcohol use, marijuana use, and arrest. The findings support the need for juvenile justice officials to recognize the trauma histories of youth offenders when determining appropriate treatment and sanctions.

Are Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated With Deficits in Self-Control? A Test Among Two Independent Samples of Youth

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C. Meldrum ◽  
Brae Campion Young ◽  
Sadhika Soor ◽  
Carter Hay ◽  
Jennifer E. Copp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Behavior Outcomes ◽  
And Behavior Outcomes ◽  
And Behavior

A large body of research links both a lack of self-control and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a variety of negative health and behavior outcomes, including delinquent and criminal behavior. To date, relatively little research considers whether experiencing a greater variety of ACEs is associated with lower self-control. We advance this area of research by first articulating potential mechanisms through which ACEs may impact self-control. We then investigate whether experiencing more ACEs is inversely associated with self-control in separate samples of youth from Michigan and Florida. For both samples, results indicate that experiencing a greater variety of ACEs is negatively associated with self-control. Exploratory analyses also indicate that ACEs reflecting interpersonal maltreatment are more strongly associated with deficits in self-control than ACEs pertaining to aspects of household dysfunction.

scholarly journals Assessing Adverse Childhood Experiences during Pregnancy: Evidence toward a Best Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. e54-e59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Nguyen ◽  
Emily Heberlein ◽  
Sarah Covington-Kolb ◽  
Anne Gerstner ◽  
Amber Gaspard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Ideal

Objective To quantify the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among a diverse urban cohort of pregnant women. Study Design The ACE survey was self-administered to 600 women categorized evenly between the waiting room, private examination rooms, and CenteringPregnancy group spaces. The percentage of women willing to complete the survey per location was compared using chi-square tests, and the mean ACE score per arm was compared using Wilcoxon's rank–sum test. Results Of the 660 women approached for participation, 5% declined; 67% reported ≥ 1 ACE exposure and 19% reported an ACE score of ≥ 4. By domain, 59% experienced household dysfunction, 25% abuse, and 25% neglect. Women in the waiting room were more likely to decline participation (p < 0.01), and those participating in the postpartum inpatient arm had a significantly lower proportion affirming 8 of 10 ACE questions, were less likely to report ≥1 ACE, and had a lower mean ACE score when compared with the outpatient arm (p < 0.01). Conclusion The prevalence of ACEs in this diverse pregnant cohort was high. The ideal locations to distribute the survey are the outpatient examination rooms.

scholarly journals Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated with Greater Internalization of Weight Stigma in Women with Excess Weight

Obesities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Natalie G. Keirns ◽  
Cindy E. Tsotsoros ◽  
Samantha Addante ◽  
Harley M. Layman ◽  
Jaimie Arona Krems ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Weight Stigma ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Household Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Early Life Factor ◽  
Life Factor

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be an early life factor associated with adult weight stigma via biological (e.g., stress response), cognitive (e.g., self-criticism/deprecation), and/or emotional (e.g., shame) mechanisms. This pilot study investigated relationships between ACEs and internalized and experienced weight stigma in adult women with overweight/obesity and explored differential relationships between weight stigma and ACE subtypes (i.e., abuse, neglect, household dysfunction). Adult women (68% white, Mage = 33 ± 10 years, MBMI = 33.7 ± 7.2 kg/m2) completed measures of ACEs (ACE Questionnaire), internalized weight stigma (IWS; Weight Bias Internalization Scale—Modified; WBIS—M), and lifetime experiences of weight stigma (yes/no). Data were analyzed with linear and logistic regression (n = 46), adjusting for age, race, and body mass index (BMI). Linear regressions revealed a positive association between ACE and WBIS—M scores (β = 0.40, p = 0.006), which was driven by Abuse-type ACEs (β = 0.48, p = 0.009). Relationships between WBIS—M scores and Neglect- and Household-Dysfunction-type ACEs did not reach significance (β = 0.20, p = 0.173; β = −0.16, p = 0.273). Though descriptive statistics revealed greater rates of experienced weight stigma endorsement by those with high-3+ ACEs (81%) vs. medium-1–2 ACEs (67%) or low/no-0 ACEs (60%), ACE scores were not significantly associated with experienced weight stigma in logistic regression (Wald = 1.36, p = 0.244, OR = 1.324, 95%, CI = 0.825–2.125). ACEs may be an early life factor that increase the risk for internalizing weight stigma in adulthood. Larger studies should confirm this relationship and follow-up on descriptive findings suggesting a potential association between ACEs and experienced weight stigma.

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