A-206 “Mittenberg-Type formula for Identifying Feigned ADHD Using WAIS-IV”

Abstract Objective This study utilized logistic regression to determine whether performance patterns on the WAIS-IV subtests could differentiate between genuine-effort and simulated ADHD groups. Method Participants were 355 college students (55.3%% female; 65.7% Caucasian, 23.9% African American, 4.2% Asian; age range 17–51 years, Mage = 20.93 years, SD = 4.63; 76.4% no psychological diagnosis) who completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Mean FSIQ for control group was 102.35 and 87.48 for the simulator group. Eighty participants (22.5%) simulated ADHD symptoms, while 276 participants (77.5%) provided genuine effort. Results A logistic regression analysis was performed with known group as the dependent variable and WAIS-IV subtest scaled scores as predictor variables. The final model of five predictor variables (Similarities, Information, Digit Span, Symbol Search, and Coding) significantly predicted group status (χ2 = 140.91, df = 5, N = 355, p < .001). The model accounted for 33% to 50% of the variance (Cox and Snell R2 = .33; Nagelkerke R2 = .50) in performance classification with overall 86% of individuals correctly predicted to their known group. At a cut value of .65 the sensitivity was 69.6% and the specificity was 90.6%. A cut value of.55 the sensitivity was 53.2% and the specificity was at 94.6%. Conclusions These findings are consistent with prior research suggesting discriminant function analysis derived from clinical measures (e.g., WAIS-IV) can be useful as embedded validity measures in distinguishing suspicious and genuine performance. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power of the WAIS-IV subtests were acceptable at 5% and 10% false positive rates.

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The relationship between intelligence and memory following minor or mild closed head injury: greater impairment in memory than intelligence

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1991.75.3.0378 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 378-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Stuart Hall ◽

Robert A. Bornstein

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Closed Head Injury ◽

Control Group ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Content Type ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Memory Scale ◽

Closed Head ◽

Performance Patterns ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence

✓ This study investigated the performance of patients with minor or mild closed head injury and age/education-matched normal controls on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The results demonstrated that the control group had significantly higher scores than the patients with closed head injury on all WAIS-R and WMS-R index scores. Further analysis revealed that the patients with closed head injury showed a greater impairment in delayed memory when directly compared to intellectual performance that was not seen in the control group. These results are discussed in relation to findings in patients with more severe closed head injury, the construction of the WAIS-R and the WMS-R, and the performance patterns of the two groups.

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A-182 Development of a PTSD-Specific Embedded Validity Measure in the Personality Assessment Inventory

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acab062.200 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1237-1237

Author(s):

Melissa A Myers ◽

Natasha Basu ◽

Murphy N Harrell ◽

Jasmin H Pizer ◽

Nanako A Hawley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Personality Assessment ◽

Group Membership ◽

Personality Assessment Inventory ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Status ◽

Legal Case ◽

Validity Measure

Abstract Objective/Background The present study investigated the feasibility of developing a PTSD-specific malingering scale embedded within the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Methods Participants consisted of 489 individuals [mean age = 20.0 (SD = 3.29); 71% female; 73.0% Caucasian, 17.6% African American, 3.5%, 9.4% Other] who completed PAI. 274 individuals were in the control group and instructed to answer normally while 215 were instructed to simulate PTSD with intent to successfully feign PTSD in the context of a legal case. The following were identified as candidate PAI subscales for logistic regression to identify feigned PTSD: ARD-T, BOR-A, SCZ-T, ANX-P, and DEP-P. Results Logistic regression analysis was performed with known group as the dependent variable and PAI subtest normed T-scores as predictor variables. The final full model of five predictor variables significantly predicted group status (χ2 = 384.9, df = 5, N = 489, p < 0.001). The model accounted for 54.5% to 73.0% of the variance (Cox and Snell R2 = 0.545; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.730) in performance classification with overall 89.4% of individuals correctly predicted to their known group. At a cut value of 0.65 the specificity was 94.9%, and the sensitivity was 82.3%. Within the model, the following variables were incrementally predictive of group membership: ARD-T (B = 0.05, p < 0.001), BOR-A (B = 0.04, p < 0.05), and ANX-P (B = 0.04, p < 0.05). Conclusions Preliminary evidence for use of an embedded PAI malingering scale within the PAI was found. Further replication is needed in clinical populations prior to use in practice.

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Memory impairment following intentional self-poisoning with benzodiazepines: Should we pay more attention to attention?

Journal of Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/0269881119867609 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (11) ◽

pp. 1428-1435 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juliette Salles ◽

Jérémie Pariente ◽

Laurent Schmitt ◽

Dominique Lauque ◽

Thomas Lanot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Cognitive Capacity ◽

Control Group ◽

Cognitive Tests ◽

Psychiatric Assessment ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Cognitive Predictors ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Study hypothesis: In cases where patients attempt suicide through intentional self-poisoning, they often ingest drugs such as benzodiazepines that alter the central nervous system and memory. This is problematic, given that experts recommend the recovery of a patient’s cognitive capacity before any psychiatric assessment is conducted. A previous pilot study by our group showed that cognitive tests focusing on attention are the most valuable when it comes to determining whether sufficient cognitive recovery has occurred to ensure that patients will remember the assessment after intentional self-poisoning with benzodiazepines. The main aim of our study was to determine cognitive predictors of the recall of the psychiatric assessment after a suicide attempt. The second aim was to determine the threshold for episodic memory. Methods: We recruited 97 patients admitted for intentional self-poisoning. At the time of the psychiatric assessments, we quantified plasma benzodiazepine levels and performed a cognitive assessment. We then used a linear regression model to identify the associations in a control and a benzodiazepine group between cognitive functions and episodic memory scores obtained 24 hours after psychiatric assessment. Results: Our model accounted for 28% and 37%, respectively, of the variance in memory in the control and benzodiazepine groups. The most significant correlations were found for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale coding test in both groups. In the control group, tests such as visual and verbal memory were also associated with recall. Conclusions: Benzodiazepines particularly affect memory by impairing what is remembered of attentional tests. These are, however, the most suitable cognitive tests for predicting recall of the memory assessment.

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A-196 BVRT Copy and Memory Trial Omission Errors Are Associated With Working Memory and Auditory Comprehension Deficits

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acaa068.196 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 991-991

Author(s):

Vickery A ◽

Moses J ◽

Boese A ◽

Maciel R ◽

Lyu J

Keyword(s):

Verbal Fluency ◽

Digit Span ◽

Spoken Language ◽

Auditory Comprehension ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Benton Visual Retention Test ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽

Omission Errors

Abstract Objective The goal of this study is to examine the cognitive factors that account for omission errors on the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) copy and memory trials using factorial indices based on raw subtest scores of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and the Multilingual Aphasia Examination (MAE). Method Participants were referred for assessment at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. One hundred and forty-three participants were sampled. BVRT omission error scores for the copy and memory trials were factor analyzed with age, education level, WAIS-III Digit Span Forward (DSpF), and Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS). These variables were refactored with the spoken language components of the MAE (naming, repetition, verbal fluency, and auditory comprehension). Results BVRT copy and memory omission scores were factorially grouped with age and inversely correlated with LNS. A second factor was composed of positive loadings on DSpF, LNS, and education. The BVRT Copy-and-Memory-Omissions-Age-LNS component was inversely and specifically related to the MAE measure of auditory comprehension. The Digit Span Forward-LNS-Education variable loaded strongly on the MAE Repetition component and secondarily on the MAE Verbal Fluency and Naming components. Conclusions BVRT copy and memory trial omission errors are strongly and specifically related to failure of auditory comprehension. Errors of this type are not related to the other three components of spoken language.

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Neuropsychological Correlates of Greek Alcoholic Patients Who Report Memory Disturbances

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.96.1.197-203 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 197-203

Author(s):

Ioannis Liappas ◽

Ioulia Theotoka ◽

Elisabeth Kapaki ◽

Ioannis Ilias ◽

George P. Paraskevas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Verbal Fluency ◽

Digit Span ◽

Cultural Backgrounds ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Verbal Fluency Test ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Short Test ◽

Test Category ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽

Fluency Test

We studied 40 male and 37 female ( M age = 63 yr.) Greek alcoholic patients and an equal number of control subjects. Both groups were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Syndrome Short Test, the Verbal Fluency Test (Category & Letter), the Clock Test, and the Digit Span (Forward and Backward from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised). Alcoholic patients had statistically significant lower scores on MMSE, Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Span, and higher scores on the Syndrome Short Test, while positive correlations were found among MMSE, Verbal Fluency Test, Clock Test, Digit Span-Backward, and age. These findings point to frontal lobe dysfunction in Greek alcoholic patients which is not different from that shown in patients from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

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A-011 Stability of Impairment Rating Discrepancies in a Longitudinal Observational Alzheimer’s Study

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acaa068.011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 801-801

Author(s):

Kaylegian J ◽

Ritter A ◽

Caldwell J

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Digit Span ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Clinical Dementia Rating ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wide Range Achievement Test ◽

Wide Range ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Abstract Objective The present study investigated frequency and 12-month persistence of discrepant Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment ratings of impairment. Methods We examined CDR and neuropsychological test scores from year 1 and 2 visits of 162 adults enrolled in a longitudinal observational study. Neuropsychological measures included Wide Range Achievement Test, American National Adult Reading Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Dementia Rating Scale 2nd edition, Boston Naming, Verbal Fluency/Color Word Interference from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, Judgment of Line Orientation, Trail Making Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and Digit Span/Letter Number Sequencing from The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th edition. Discrepancies were defined as: CDR = 0 and 2 test impairments, CDR = 0.5 and > 5 or 0 impairments, CDR = 1 and 0 impairments. Results Including all test domains, 40.1% of participants in year 1 and 44.3% in year 2 showed discrepancies. 69% maintained this discrepancy at year 2 and 68% of these showed no change in discrepancy type. Considering only memory tests, 37% of participants in year 1 and 28.4% in year 2 showed discrepancies, with 45% maintaining at year 2 (74% showing no change in discrepancy type). A majority of discrepancies observed in both years 1 and 2 revealed the CDR was under reporting impairment compared to the neuropsychological battery year. Conclusions The results provide evidence that within our study population, impairment as rated by the CDR frequently does not match the level of measured cognitive impairment and this observation is stable year to year.

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The Efficacy of Vocational Skills- Based Training Program for People with Intellectual Disabilities at the Stage of Vocational Rehabilitation

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] ◽

10.24200/jeps.vol10iss1pp66-82 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

AbdelAziz Sartawi ◽

Owaisha Al Muhairy ◽

Yasser Al Natour ◽

Rawhi M. Obaidat

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Training Program ◽

Vocational Training ◽

Control Group ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽

Academic Year ◽

Vocational Training Program

This study targeted investigating the efficacy of a vocational skill- based training program for people with intellectual disabilities. The program was set forth by the Department of Welfare and Rehabilitation of Persons with Disability, Ministry of Social Affairs (2009) at UAE. Subjects were 10 male individuals, age 15-20, with intellectual challenges who receive vocational training in Dubai Rehabilitation Center, UAE and who had an IQ score of 55-69 on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (The Emirati Version). A control group was also recruited for the purpose of comparison (n=10). The Vocational Skill Scale as introduced by the investigators and was conducted before then after 8 weeks of the initiation of the training program in the academic year 2012/2013. Results showed significant differences between the scores obtained by the experimental group pre and post training, whereas there were no significant differences in the control group. The investigators recommended generalizing the vocational training program across centers of intellectual disability rehabilitation and expanding the program to include personal and social skill in addition to implementing the kills in a real work setting.

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The role of cognitive-developmental tests in differential diagnosis of borderline and schizophrenic patients

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi1202139v ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 139-154

Author(s):

Gordana Vulevic ◽

Goran Opacic

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Borderline Personality Disorder ◽

Personality Disorder ◽

Borderline Personality ◽

Control Group ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Picture Arrangement ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence

The aim of our research was to find out whether cognitive-developmental tests such as Nominal Realism Test and Vygotsky Concept Formation Test could contribute to the process of diagnosing borderline and schizophrenic patients. The specific aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic power of subtests (such as Vocabulary, Comprehension, Similarities and Picture Arrangement Test) on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (VITI) in the differential diagnosis of the two groups of patients. The study included 90 subjects, 30 of whom were diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), 30 had the diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis (SCH), while 30, who had no psychiatric diagnosis, represented the control group. The findings indicate that the patients with BPD, and particularly those diagnosed with SCH, had both quantitative and qualitative cognitive impairment. The findings show that cognitive developmental tests represent valuable tools in the differential diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia.

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Effect of Warning on Feigned Malingering on the Wais—R in College Samples

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.152 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 152-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Judith L. Johnson ◽

C. Garth Bellah ◽

Tim Dodge ◽

William Kelley ◽

Mary Margaret Livingston

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Personal Injury ◽

Control Group ◽

Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽

Wechsler Memory Scale ◽

Personal Injury Litigation ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽

Better Than

Research indicates claimant malingering of cognitive deficits to be common in personal injury litigation. Efforts have been made to either detect such tendencies or deter efforts at malingering. The present study examined whether warning people that feigned malingering efforts would be detected results in more valid profiles on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised. Undergraduates ( N = 48) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: feigned malingerers without warning, feigned malingerers with warning, and controls. Analysis indicated both feigned malingerer groups performed significantly worse than the control group; however, feigned malingerers with warning did not perform significantly better than those without warning. Unlike previous research using the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, results did not support effectiveness of warning in reducing feigned malingering scores.

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