JIHAD BUKAN HANYA PERANG SUCI: Telaahan Teoritik Terhadap Ayat-Ayat Jihad dalam Al-Quran

Of the 114 surahs in the Qur'an, there are 24 surahs with 164 verses that talk about jihad in various variations of words. Of the 164 verses, there are 22 verses that have the potential for acts of violence if understood literally and coupled with the dominance of qital words in these verses. The qital verses are said to have been revealed more in the Medina period, when compared to the Mecca period, which talked a lot about self-control. The dynamics of the Muslims at that time also contributed to the change in the terminology of jihad. Jihad is not only defined by war or acts of violence. The invitation of parents to polytheism, for example, as contained in chapter 29 paragraph 8 and letter 31 paragraph 15 does not have to be fought with violence. This verse even continues to recommend to continue to do good to the parents in question. In other Surahs such as Sura 45 verse 15 there is also a recommendation with wealth, not carrying weapons. This has given rise to various forms of meaning about jihad, such as greater jihad (al-jihad al-akbar)—the struggle against self and lesser jihad (al-jihad al-asghar)—fighting those who are hostile to the way of Allah. On the one hand, jihad can also be interpreted in an esoteric way—mujahadah, namely a genuine effort to draw closer to Allah, on the other hand, it can also be interpreted exoteric—the holy war.

A-185 An Analysis of Rarely Missed Items on the TOMM

Objective This study examined item performance on Trial 1 of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). We also identified items that were most often missed in individuals with genuine effort. Method Participants were 106 adults seen for disability claims (87.7% male; 70.5% Caucasian, 26.7% Black; age range 22–84 years, Mage = 44.42 years, SD = 13.07; Meducation = 13.58, SD = 2.05) who completed and passed the TOMM as part of a larger battery. Mean score Trial 1 was 43.08, SD = 5.49. Mean score on Trial 2 was 48.98, SD = 1.54. Results Frequency analysis indicated that >95% of the sample correctly identified six items on Trial 1: item 1-spinning wheel (97.2%), item 8-musical notes (99.1%), item 38-ice cream (98.1%), item 41-life preserver (95.3%), item 45-iron (95.3%), and item 47-dart (98.1%). Nine items were correctly identified on Trial 1 by <80% of the sample: item 2-tissue box (77.4%), item 6-suitcase (77.4%), item 20-motorcycle (77.4%), item 22-jack-in-the box (71.7%), item 26-light bulb (75.5%), item 27-maple leaf (72.6%), item 32-racket (79.2%), item 36-birdhouse (79.2%), item 44-pail & shovel (66.0%). Conclusions These findings suggest that items on Trial 1 of the TOMM differ in difficulty in a disability claims sample who performed genuinely on the TOMM. Items 1, 8, 38, 41, 45, and 47 are good candidates for a rarely missed index where failure of these items would be probabilistically unlikely. Future research should evaluate whether these items are failed at higher rates in cases of borderline TOMM performance to improve sensitivity to feigning.

National Integration and Peaceful Co-Existence in Nigeria: The Role of Inter-Ethnic/Inter-Religious Marriages

It is no longer news that Nigeria as one united political and geographical entity has continued to experience inter-religious and inter-ethnic sentiments bickering, misunderstanding, mistrust which have constantly snowballed into crisis of tremendous proportion. As a result, many innocent lives and properties worth billions of naira have been lost. This ugly situation has continued to threaten the corporate existence of Nigeria and retrogressively affected the socioeconomic development of Nigeria. However, when there is no genuine effort to bring about genuine national integration, peaceful coexistence will definitely be a mirage. One of the factors or strategies identified as capable of fostering national integration and guaranteeing peaceful co-existence is inter-ethnic, inter-religious and even inter-communal marriages among the people of different ethnic groups and adherents of different religions in Nigeria. This paper clarifies concepts in the write-up and also points out how intermarriages can foster peace and unity. It also recommends that traditional and religious leaders should be encouraged to inspire those they watch over to embrace this type of mixed marriage in order to achieve sustainable national development and most importantly promote peaceful coexistence among different ethnic groups in Nigeria

FILOSOFI ARSITEKTUR MASJID AL-MISHBAH:Studi Arsemiotika Ikon-Indeks-Simbol

Al-Mishbah Mosque is an architectural work with unique contemporary ideas and symbolic meaning requirements so that its existence is interesting to study. The researcher who is also the architect of the Al-Mishbah Mosque aims to examine the visually identified symbolic signs and describe the meaning of the architectural philosophy behind the design of the Al-Mishbah Mosque. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and is analyzed using the theory of architectural semiotics (arsemiotics) to investigate signs which, according to Charles Sanders Peirce, are icons, indexes, and symbols. Based on the analysis of visually identified signs, the results of this study can be concluded that the signs and meanings of the architectural philosophy of the Al-Mishbah Mosque are as follows: (1) The black cube shape in the main building, is a symbolic idea of the Kaaba, which means as the center of the building. Qibla orientation of Muslim prayer, as well as a symbol of one direction and unity of Muslims. (2) The shape of the asymmetrical curved concrete hat is a symbolic idea of people prostrating, which means the main function as a mosque (a place of prostration), also has a meaning as a symbol of servitude to Allah. (3) The form of the text lafadz "Allah" on the facade of the upper building, is a symbolic idea of Baitullah, which means a place to glorify Allah, also means the mosque as "House of Allah". (4) The configuration of asymmetrical mass forms is a symbolic idea of Ijtihad, which means a genuine effort to find solutions to the problems of the people, also means not taking pre-existing general habits without understanding their essence (taqlid). (5) The shape of the mihrab wall with an open gap, from inside the mosque you will see the sky and the earth as a symbolic idea of the Kauniah verse which means that humans must see the verses of Allah have a balance between dhikr and thinking, also the existence of the universe and life is interpreted as evidence of existence almighty God. (6) The light that radiates out of the building resembles a person prostrating, is a symbolic idea of the light of prayer which means preventing heinous acts and evil deeds, and showing submission, obedience and obedience to Allah (taqwa).Keywords: Mosque Architecture, Semiotics, Arsemiotics, Symbolic Meaning, Al-Mishbah Mosque.Abstrak: Masjid Al-Mishbah merupakan suatu karya arsitektur dengan gagasan kontemporer yang unik dan syarat makna simbolik sehingga keberadaanya menarik untuk diteliti. Peneliti yang juga sekaligus arsitek Masjid Al-Mishbah bertujuan meneliti tanda-tanda simbolik yang teridentifikasi secara visual dan mendeskripsikan makna filosofi arsitektur dibalik rancangan Masjid Al-Mishbah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan dianalisis menggunakan teori semiotika arsitektur (arsemiotik) untuk menyelidiki tanda yang menurut Charles Sanders Peirce, sebagai ikon, indeks, dan symbol. Berdasarkan analisis tanda-tanda yang teridentifikasi secara visual, hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa tanda dan makna filosofi Arsitektur Masjid Al-Mishbah adalah sebagai berikut : (1) Bentuk kubus hitam pada bangunan utama, merupakan gagasan simbolik Ka’bah, yang bermakna sebagai pusat orientasi qiblat shalat umat Islam, juga sebagai simbol satu kesatuan arah dan persatuan umat Islam. (2) Bentuk topi beton lengkung asimetris merupakan gagasan simbolik orang bersujud, yang bermakna fungsi utama sebagai masjid (tempat bersujud), juga bermakna sebagai simbol penghambaan kepada Allah. (3) Bentuk teks lafadz “Allah” pada fasad gedung bagian atas, merupakan gagasan simbolik Baitullah, yang bermakna tempat mengaggungkan Allah, juga bermakna masjid sebagai “Rumah Allah”. (4) Konfigurasi bentuk massa asimetris merupakan gagasan simbolik Ijtihad, yang bermakna upaya sungguh-sungguh untuk mencari solusi permasalahan umat, juga bermakna tidak mengambil mentah-mentah kebiasaan umum yang sudah ada sebelumnya tanpa memahami makna esensinya (taqlid). (5) Bentuk dinding mihrab dengan celah terbuka, dari dalam masjid akan terlihat langit dan bumi sebagai gagasan simbolik Ayat Kauniah yang bermakna manusia harus melihat ayat-ayat Allah memiliki keseimbangan antar berdzikir dan berfikir, juga adanya alam semesta dan kehidupan dimaknai sebagai bukti ada dan mahakuasanya Allah. (6) Cahaya yang memancar keluar dari bangunan menyerupai orang sujud, merupakan gagasan simbolis cahaya shalat yang bermakna mencegah perbuatan keji dan munkar, serta menunjukan sikap tunduk, patuh dan taat kepada Allah (Taqwa).Kata Kunci: Arsitektur Masjid, Semiotika, Arsemiotik, Makna Simbolik, Masjid Al-Mishbah.

A-206 “Mittenberg-Type formula for Identifying Feigned ADHD Using WAIS-IV”

Objective This study utilized logistic regression to determine whether performance patterns on the WAIS-IV subtests could differentiate between genuine-effort and simulated ADHD groups. Method Participants were 355 college students (55.3%% female; 65.7% Caucasian, 23.9% African American, 4.2% Asian; age range 17–51 years, Mage = 20.93 years, SD = 4.63; 76.4% no psychological diagnosis) who completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Mean FSIQ for control group was 102.35 and 87.48 for the simulator group. Eighty participants (22.5%) simulated ADHD symptoms, while 276 participants (77.5%) provided genuine effort. Results A logistic regression analysis was performed with known group as the dependent variable and WAIS-IV subtest scaled scores as predictor variables. The final model of five predictor variables (Similarities, Information, Digit Span, Symbol Search, and Coding) significantly predicted group status (χ2 = 140.91, df = 5, N = 355, p < .001). The model accounted for 33% to 50% of the variance (Cox and Snell R2 = .33; Nagelkerke R2 = .50) in performance classification with overall 86% of individuals correctly predicted to their known group. At a cut value of .65 the sensitivity was 69.6% and the specificity was 90.6%. A cut value of.55 the sensitivity was 53.2% and the specificity was at 94.6%. Conclusions These findings are consistent with prior research suggesting discriminant function analysis derived from clinical measures (e.g., WAIS-IV) can be useful as embedded validity measures in distinguishing suspicious and genuine performance. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power of the WAIS-IV subtests were acceptable at 5% and 10% false positive rates.

Confessional History and the Authority of Erudition

In his History of the variations of the Protestant Churches, his major work of confessional controversy, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704) made a genuine effort to use various primary sources. In the case of England, however, he chose to rely on a single authority, Gilbert Burnet’s (1643-1715) History of the Reformation of the Church of England, which was available to him in a recent French translation. This reflected Bossuet’s tactical determination to employ only authors whom his Protestant adversaries could not object to, but also his paradoxical affinities with Burnet, whose very political reading of the English Reformation fitted well with his own interpretation. Burnet, however, had included in his History a rich collection of records, which Bossuet studied and occasionally used to challenge Burnet’s main text. Although Bossuet’s interests remained those of a polemical divine, he spoke the language of historical erudition to assert his trustworthiness.

PID Controller with Fuzzy Inference System as Simple Feedback for Closed Loop Control of Intravenous Anesthesia

Anesthesia is an imperative activity during operation. Anesthesiologist perceives patient’s physiology and adjusts the drug rate. Sometimes, it may go overdose or under-dose which is proscribed. This process is merely in need of an expertise which in turn, may not be available every time and everywhere. But we can store this expertise with the help of fuzzy inference system and utilize it to judge the depth of anesthesia. A genuine effort has been made to design a PID controller with fuzzy inference system as simple feedback to control intravenous anesthetic drug delivery. This paper demonstratesthe design and implementation of experts’ based system with PID controller and comparison of the same with open loop target controlled infusion and fuzzy inference system without a controller. The conclusion of this study is that the PID controller with fuzzy inference system as simple feedback gives fast response with no overshoot. Ultimate prototype is implemented on Xilinx’s Spartan 3E Field Programmable Gate Array.

Management of Value Based Education by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya

<p>As all human beings are social animals, so this is the duty of every human being to obey their social responsibility. Mahamana Malaviyaji is one of those great personalities who felt his social responsibility very well and established Banaras Hindu University to bring people out from the mode of ignorance. He values our Indian culture and tradition, which is based on Bhagavad Gita and Srimad Bhagavatam. His genuine effort was to build the character of new generations. His effort made such a great Institute which is known as a temple of learning.<strong></strong></p>

Taking a bite out of Apple: Jailbreaking and the confluence of brand loyalty, consumer resistance and the co-creation of value

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomena of Apple iPhone jailbreaking, a novel scenario where a company actively oppresses and discourages the co-creation of value and customisation of its products by loyal consumers. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducted a qualitative content and thematic analysis of online jailbreaker discourse to understand the motivations and reasons driving consumers to resist a brand to which they remain extremely loyal. Findings Three themes explain jailbreaker motivations: enhanced experience, individual right of self-expression and anti-hegemony. Further two themes explain the differing motivations driving hacktivists to create the “exploits” that are subsequently used by jailbreakers (liberating the masses; status and notoriety). Finally, an integrative conceptual model is provided to showcase how disparate theories of consumer behaviour are synthesised during this novel phenomena. Originality/value In contrast to previous work, the consumer activists featured in this paper are devoted to the brand and product they are resisting. Rather than switching to an alternative brand, these jailbreakers and hacktivists remain loyal to the product in a genuine effort to help the brand. Even more interesting is the brand actively oppressing these loyal consumers’ attempts to modify and, in some cases, improve their products. Overall, this paper highlights the contradictory relationship between Apple and some of its consumers and demonstrates how brand loyalty, dissatisfaction, resistance/activism and co-creation can co-exist within the same consumer–brand relationship.

Dodging Self-Incriminations: An Examination of Feigned Miranda Abilities on the SAMA

Forensic assessments must always consider whether examinees are putting forth genuine effort or seeking to feign legally relevant incapacities. Miranda abilities are no exception when a putatively invalid Miranda waiver might result in the full suppression of an outright confession. Using a within-subjects simulation design, jail detainees were administered a representative Miranda warning and two Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities (SAMA) measures: Miranda Vocabulary Scale and Miranda Quiz. As expected, detainees have no difficulty in feigning severe deficits in their recall of the Miranda warning and portraying markedly impaired abilities on both SAMA measures. However, using floor-effect detection strategies, several feigning indicators proved effective at identifying likely feigned Miranda abilities. As an ancillary issue, the Inventory of Legal Knowledge was found to be very effective using both the traditional and revised scoring.