The Detection of Near-Ultraviolet Light by Nonmigratory and Migratory Birds

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Parrish ◽  
James A. Ptacek ◽  
Kevin L. Will
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Ultraviolet Reflectance ◽  
Uv Reflectance ◽  
Uv Vision ◽  
First Time

Abstract Near-ultraviolet (UV) light reception was demonstrated for the first time in three species of nonmigratory emberizid and passerid birds. Behavioral data also established that eight additional alcedinid and emberizid birds can detect near-UV wavelengths. The finding that these more recently evolved species can see near-UV light implies that near-UV vision is probably an important visual capability in most, if not all, diurnal birds. Although the utility of near-UV reception for birds remains equivocal, the fact that nonmigratory as well as migratory birds can perceive UV suggests that birds may be able to utilize the UV spectrum for homing, orientation, and navigation, as do the UV-sensitive arthropods. It also can be inferred that UV vision may be especially useful to insectivorous birds for the detection of UV reflectance patterns, which many otherwise cryptic arthropods possess for mate recognition. Ultraviolet reflectance patterns also may be useful to frugivorous and nectarivorous birds for the detection of food items.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet reflecting photonic microstructures in the King Penguin beak

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitta Dresp ◽  
Pierre Jouventin ◽  
Keith Langley
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
King Penguin ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
Uv Reflectance ◽  
Photonic Microstructures ◽  
First Time

King and emperor penguins ( Aptenodytes patagonicus and Aptenodytes forsteri ) are the only species of marine birds so far known to reflect ultraviolet (UV) light from their beaks. Unlike humans, most birds perceive UV light and several species communicate using the near UV spectrum. Indeed, UV reflectance in addition to the colour of songbird feathers has been recognized as an important signal when choosing a mate. The king penguin is endowed with several highly coloured ornaments, notably its beak horn and breast and auricular plumage, but only its beak reflects UV, a property considered to influence its sexual attraction. Because no avian UV-reflecting pigments have yet been identified, the origin of such reflections is probably structural. In an attempt to identify the structures that give rise to UV reflectance, we combined reflectance spectrophotometry and morphological analysis by both light and electron microscopy, after experimental removal of surface layers of the beak horn. Here, we characterize for the first time a multilayer reflector photonic microstructure that produces the UV reflections in the king penguin beak.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet (UV) light perception by birds: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rajchard
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Uv Reflectance

The ability to perceive the near ultraviolet part of the light spectrum (the wavelength 320–400 nm) has been detected in many bird species. This ability is an important bird sense. The ecological importance of UV perception has been studied mainly in the context of intra- and inter-sexual signalling, common species communication and also in foraging. Some birds of prey use UV reflectance in their feeding strategy: e.g., the kestrel (<I>Falco tinnunculus</I>), but also other birds of prey are able to recognize the presence of voles by perceiving the UV reflectance of their scent urine marks. The ability to detect the presence of prey is a common feature of birds with analogous feeding spectra in taxonomically distinct species. UV perception and its use in foraging have also been proved in predominantly herbivorous bird species. This ability is possessed both by bird species living in northern habitats and others living in tropical forests. The signalling and communication role of the UV perception is very important. The plumage of many bird species shows specific colour features – e.g., sexually different regions in plumage coloration unnoticed by the human eye. Also other body parts can have similar features – e.g., supra-orbital combs in the red grouse (<I>Lagopus lagopus scoticus</I>). All these characteristics are important primarily in the mate-choice decision. Birds apparently also use their ability of UV perception for recognition of their own eggs. Some bird species are able to modify plumage UV reflectance by uropygial secretions. The knowledge of all specific aspects of bird physiology can significantly help both breeders of various bird species and facilitate effective veterinary care.

4 Pattern Recognition for Healing Burns to Compute Evidence: Space Syntax and Machine Learning Analysis of Burns Center Karachi

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Javaria Manzoor Shaikh ◽  
JaeSeung Park
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Depth Map ◽  
Routine Tasks ◽  
Hyper Plane ◽  
First Time ◽  
Learning Analysis

Usually elongated hospitalization is experienced byBurn patients, and the precise forecast of the placement of patientaccording to the healing acceleration has significant consequenceon healthcare supply administration. Substantial amount ofevidence suggest that sun light is essential to burns healing andcould be exceptionally beneficial for burned patients andworkforce in healthcare building. Satisfactory UV sunlight isfundamental for a calculated amount of burn to heal; this delicaterather complex matrix is achieved by applying patternclassification for the first time on the space syntax map of the floorplan and Browder chart of the burned patient. On the basis of thedata determined from this specific healthcare learning technique,nurse can decide the location of the patient on the floor plan, hencepatient safety first is the priority in the routine tasks by staff inhealthcare settings. Whereas insufficient UV light and vitamin Dcan retard healing process, hence this experiment focuses onmachine learning design in which pattern recognition andtechnology supports patient safety as our primary goal. In thisexperiment we lowered the adverse events from 2012- 2013, andnearly missed errors and prevented medical deaths up to 50%lower, as compared to the data of 2005- 2012 before this techniquewas incorporated.In this research paper, three distinctive phases of clinicalsituations are considered—primarily: admission, secondly: acute,and tertiary: post-treatment according to the burn pattern andhealing rate—and be validated by capable AI- origin forecastingtechniques to hypothesis placement prediction models for eachclinical stage with varying percentage of burn i.e. superficialwound, partial thickness or full thickness deep burn. Conclusivelywe proved that the depth of burn is directly proportionate to thedepth of patient’s placement in terms of window distance. Ourfindings support the hypothesis that the windowed wall is mosthealing wall, here fundamental suggestion is support vectormachines: which is most advantageous hyper plane for linearlydivisible patterns for the burns depth as well as the depth map isused.

Probing the Dynamic Self-Assembly Behaviour of Photoswitchable Wormlike Micelles in Real Time

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine A. Kelly ◽  
Judith E. Houston ◽  
Rachel Evans
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Wormlike Micelles ◽  
Tetraethylene Glycol ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dependent Processes

Understanding the dynamic self-assembly behaviour of azobenzene photosurfactants (AzoPS) is crucial to advance their use in controlled release applications such as<i></i>drug delivery and micellar catalysis. Currently, their behaviour in the equilibrium <i>cis-</i>and <i>trans</i>-photostationary states is more widely understood than during the photoisomerisation process itself. Here, we investigate the time-dependent self-assembly of the different photoisomers of a model neutral AzoPS, <a>tetraethylene glycol mono(4′,4-octyloxy,octyl-azobenzene) </a>(C<sub>8</sub>AzoOC<sub>8</sub>E<sub>4</sub>) using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We show that the incorporation of <i>in-situ</i>UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with SANS allows the scattering profile, and hence micelle shape, to be correlated with the extent of photoisomerisation in real-time. It was observed that C<sub>8</sub>AzoOC<sub>8</sub>E<sub>4</sub>could switch between wormlike micelles (<i>trans</i>native state) and fractal aggregates (under UV light), with changes in the self-assembled structure arising concurrently with changes in the absorption spectrum. Wormlike micelles could be recovered within 60 seconds of blue light illumination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the degree of AzoPS photoisomerisation has been tracked <i>in</i><i>-situ</i>through combined UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy-SANS measurements. This technique could be widely used to gain mechanistic and kinetic insights into light-dependent processes that are reliant on self-assembly.

scholarly journals Atlas of ticks (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Rubel ◽  
Katharina Brugger ◽  
Lidia Chitimia-Dobler ◽  
Hans Dautel ◽  
Elisabeth Meyer-Kayser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Ixodes Frontalis ◽  
Argas Reflexus ◽  
The One ◽  
Argasid Tick ◽  
First Time

AbstractAn updated and increased compilation of georeferenced tick locations in Germany is presented here. This data collection extends the dataset published some years ago by another 1448 new tick locations, 900 locations of which were digitized from literature and 548 locations are published here for the first time. This means that a total of 3492 georeferenced tick locations is now available for Germany. The tick fauna of Germany includes two species of Argasidae in the genera Argas and Carios and 19 species of Ixodidae in the genera Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Ixodes, altogether 21 tick species. In addition, three species of Ixodidae in the genera Hyalomma (each spring imported by migratory birds) and Rhipicephalus (occasionally imported by dogs returning from abroad with their owners) are included in the tick atlas. Of these, the georeferenced locations of 23 tick species are depicted in maps. The occurrence of the one remaining tick species, the recently described Ixodes inopinatus, is given at the level of the federal states. The most common and widespread tick species is Ixodes ricinus, with records in all 16 federal states. With the exception of Hamburg, Dermacentor reticulatus was also found in all federal states. The occurrence of the ixodid ticks Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes hexagonus and I. inopinatus were documented in at least 11 federal states each. The two mentioned argasid tick species were also documented in numerous federal states, the pigeon tick Argas reflexus in 11 and the bat tick Carios vespertilionis in seven federal states. The atlas of ticks in Germany and the underlying digital dataset in the supplement can be used to improve global tick maps or to study the effects of climate change and habitat alteration on the distribution of tick species.

Highly efficient green-emitting phosphor Sr4Al14O25:Ce,Tb with low thermal quenching and wide color gamut upon UV-light excitation for backlighting display applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoran Li ◽  
Yujun Liang ◽  
Shiqi Liu ◽  
Weilun Zhang ◽  
Yanying Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Thermal Quenching ◽  
High Response ◽  
Color Gamut ◽  
Ultraviolet Excitation ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Wide Color Gamut ◽  
Light Excitation

Highly-efficient and stable inorganic phosphors with high response to near-ultraviolet excitation are essential to the performance enhancement of the phosphor converted backlighting devices. Herein, highly-efficient green-emitting phosphors Sr4Al14O25:Ce,Tb (SAO:Ce3+,Tb3+) with...

Ultraviolet reflectance and female mating preferences in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zampiga ◽  
G. Gaibani ◽  
D. Csermely
Keyword(s):  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Visible Spectral Range ◽  
Falco Tinnunculus ◽  
Uv Filter ◽  
Skin Reflectance ◽  
Ultraviolet Reflectance ◽  
Uv Reflectance ◽  
Female Mating Preferences ◽  
Uv Reflection

Previous studies revealed the importance of plumage brightness (considering only the visible spectral range) in female mate choice of common kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus L., 1758). Our study focuses on the effect of UV reflectance on female preference; we hypothesize that common kestrel females prefer males with UV-reflecting plumage and refuse, or are not attracted to, males whose plumage UV reflectance is prevented. We tested the preference of 20 captive females who were given a choice between two males, one behind a UV-transmitting (UV+) filter and another one behind a UV-blocking (UV–) filter. Female preference was measured as frequency and duration of visits to either male, specifically by sitting on the perch or hanging on to the partition wall. Females visited the male behind the UV+ filter more often than the male behind the UV– filter, indicating that females prefer males with UV-reflecting plumage than males without UV reflection. UV plumage and skin reflectance could provide females with information regarding current male conditions more so than other colours and other morphological parameters.

scholarly journals Joint Measurements of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and light-absorptive PM in woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Max Zhang ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Geng Chen ◽  
Jiajun Gu ◽  
James Schwab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Saranac Lake ◽  
Near Infrared Range ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Abstract. DC, also referred to as Delta-C, measures enhanced light absorption of particulate matter (PM) samples at the near-ultraviolet (UV) range relative to the near-infrared range, which has been proposed previously as a woodsmoke marker due to the presence of enhanced UV light absorbing materials from wood combustion. In this paper, we further evaluated the applications and limitations of using DC as both a qualitative and semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker via joint continuous measurements of PM2.5 (by nephelometer pDR-1500) and light-absorptive PM (by 2-wavelength and 7-wavelength Aethalometer®) in three Northeastern U.S. cities/towns including Rutland, VT, Saranac Lake, NY and Ithaca, NY. We compared the pDR-1500 against a FEM PM2.5 sampler (BAM 1020), and identified a close agreement between the two instruments in a woodsmoke-dominated ambient environment. The analysis of seasonal and diurnal trends of DC, BC (880 nm) and PM2.5 concentrations supports the use of DC as an adequate qualitative marker. The strong linear relationships between PM2.5 and DC in both woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments suggest that DC can reasonably serve as a semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker. We proposed a DC-based indicator for woodsmoke emission, which was then shown to exhibit relatively strong linear relationship with heating demand. While we observed reproducible PM2.5-DC relationships in similar woodsmoke-dominated ambient environments, those relationships differ significantly with different environments, and among individual woodsmoke sources. DC correlated much more closely with PM2.5 than EcoChem PAS2000-reported PAH in woodsmoke-dominated ambient environments. Our analysis also indicates the potential for PM2.5-DC relationships to be utilized to distinguish different combustion and operating conditions of woodsmoke sources, and that DC-Heating demand relationships could be adopted to estimate woodsmoke emissions. However, future studies are needed to elucidate those relationships.

scholarly journals Temperature and UV light affect the activity of marine cell-free enzymes

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 3971-3977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair Thomson ◽  
Christopher David Hepburn ◽  
Miles Lamare ◽  
Federico Baltar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Ocean Environment ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Microbial extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA) is the rate-limiting step in the degradation of organic matter in the oceans. These extracellular enzymes exist in two forms: cell-bound, which are attached to the microbial cell wall, and cell-free, which are completely free of the cell. Contrary to previous understanding, cell-free extracellular enzymes make up a substantial proportion of the total marine EEA. Little is known about these abundant cell-free enzymes, including what factors control their activity once they are away from their sites (cells). Experiments were run to assess how cell-free enzymes (excluding microbes) respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and temperature manipulations, previously suggested as potential control factors for these enzymes. The experiments were done with New Zealand coastal waters and the enzymes studied were alkaline phosphatase (APase), β-glucosidase, (BGase), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase). Environmentally relevant UVR (i.e. in situ UVR levels measured at our site) reduced cell-free enzyme activities by up to 87 % when compared to controls, likely a consequence of photodegradation. This effect of UVR on cell-free enzymes differed depending on the UVR fraction. Ambient levels of UV radiation were shown to reduce the activity of cell-free enzymes for the first time. Elevated temperatures (15 °C) increased the activity of cell-free enzymes by up to 53 % when compared to controls (10 °C), likely by enhancing the catalytic activity of the enzymes. Our results suggest the importance of both UVR and temperature as control mechanisms for cell-free enzymes. Given the projected warming ocean environment and the variable UVR light regime, it is possible that there could be major changes in the cell-free EEA and in the enzymes contribution to organic matter remineralization in the future.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Biogenic VOC emissions profiles of Rapeseed leaf litter and their SOA formation potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Abis ◽  
Carmen Kalalian ◽  
Bastien Lunardelli ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Liwu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Light Irradiation ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Uv Light Irradiation ◽  
Biogenic Voc ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. We analysed the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions from rapeseed leaves litter and their potential to create secondary organic aerosols (SOA) under three different conditions i.e., (i) in presence of UV light irradiation; (ii) in presence of ozone, and (iii) with both ozone and UV light. These experiments have been performed in a controlled atmospheric simulation chamber containing leaves litter samples, where BVOC and aerosol number concentrations have been measured for 6 days. Our results show that BVOC emission profiles were affected by UV light irradiation, which increased the summed BVOC emissions compared to the experiment with solely O3. Furthermore, the diversity of emitted VOCs from the rapeseed litter increased also in presence of UV light irradiation. SOA formation was observed when leaves litter were exposed to both UV light and O3, indicating a potentially large contribution to particle formation or growth at local scales. To our knowledge, this study investigates for the first time the effect of UV irradiation and O3 exposure on both VOC emissions and SOA formation for leaves litter samples. A detailed discussion about the processes behind the biological production of the most important VOC is proposed.

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