Being hunted high and low: do differences in nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites of howler monkeys (Alouatta nigerrima and Alouatta discolor) reflect safety from attack by different types of predator?

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-219
Author(s):  
Thays Jucá ◽  
Sarah Boyle ◽  
Gitana Cavalcanti ◽  
Thiago Cavalcante ◽  
Pavel Tomanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Howler Monkeys ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sleeping Sites ◽  
Low Do

Abstract Predation risk is important in influencing animal behaviour. We investigated how the choice of nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites by two species of primates was influenced by the most likely forms of attack (diurnal raptors and nocturnal felids). We recorded vertical and horizontal patterns of occupancy for 47 sleeping and 31 resting sites, as well as the presence of lianas or vines on trees. We compared the heights of trees used as resting or sleeping sites by the monkeys with those of 200 forest trees that the monkeys did not use. Trees used as nocturnal sleeping sites were taller than those used as diurnal resting sites, and taller than trees that the monkeys did not use. However, while trees used as diurnal resting sites were not significantly taller than non-used trees, diurnal resting sites were located on branches closer to the ground, closer to the main trunk of the tree and in trees with more lianas/vines than nocturnal sleeping sites. The differences in site location can be explained by the type of predator most likely to attack at a particular time: raptors in the day and felids at night.

scholarly journals How Does Infrastructure Investment Affect Macroeconomic Performance? Evidence from Portugal

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 14-40
Author(s):  
Alfredo Marvão Pereira ◽  
Rui Manuel Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Infrastructure Investments

We use the industry-specific effects of 12 different types of infrastructure investment in Portugal to highlight the mechanisms through which such investments affect economic activity. Our main findings are as follows: first, demand-side effects are over 60 per cent of total effects for airport investments, ports, refineries and water, and over 45 per cent for national roads, municipal roads, telecommunications, health and education. Second, site-location effects are also very significant, in particular for national roads, highways and railroads, with 30, 35 and 64 per cent of the total effects, respectively. Site-location effects are negative for water and electricity, and statistically insignificant for municipal roads, airports and refineries, and marginally positive for ports, that is, all these are cases in which we would expect adverse or small location effects. Third, the macroeconomic effects are driven primarily by the effects of these investments on non-traded goods and service industries. The functional channel relating to internationally traded goods is much less significant while the functional effect affecting non-traded industries is much more relevant as it accounts for more than 30 per cent of the effects in the cases of municipal roads, airports and refineries, and in excess of 20 per cent for highways, railroads, telecommunications, health and education. Naturally, these results cannot be automatically generalised, as the nature of the effects of infrastructure investments crucially depends on the level of development of the country in question, on the maturity of its existent infrastructure systems, and on the rigour of all decisions pertaining to infrastructure investment. Nevertheless, they establish that, as infrastructure investments are concerned, the dominance of virtuous supply-side effects is not a foregone conclusion and, conversely, the relevance of Keynesian effects cannot be dismissed. JEL Classification: C32, E22, H54, L90, L98, O52

scholarly journals Relaxed predation risk reduces but does not eliminate sociality in birds

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Predation Avoidance ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Evolution Of Sociality ◽  
Different Types

Disentangling the relative contribution of predation avoidance and increased foraging efficiency in the evolution of sociality in animals has proven difficult given that the two types of benefits often operate concurrently. I identified different types of refuges from predation in birds related to morphological and ecological traits, providing an opportunity to examine concomitant changes in sociality over evolutionary times. Results of a matched-species comparative analysis indicated a reduction in the size of foraging or non-foraging groups but not complete disappearance under negligible predation risk. The results suggest that while predation avoidance is an important component in the evolution of sociality in birds, it is most probably not acting alone but rather in conjunction with other benefits such as increased foraging efficiency.

High Dose High Temperature Ion Implantation of Ge into 4H-SiC

2006 ◽  
Vol 527-529 ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kups ◽  
Petia Weih ◽  
M. Voelskow ◽  
Wolfgang Skorupa ◽  
Jörg Pezoldt
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Lattice Site ◽  
Lattice Distortion ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Implantation Dose ◽  
Location Analysis ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Different Types

A box like Ge distribution was formed by ion implantation at 600°C. The Ge concentration was varied from 1 to 20 %. The TEM investigations revealed an increasing damage formation with increasing implantation dose. No polytype inclusions were observed in the implanted regions. A detailed analysis showed different types of lattice distortion identified as insertion stacking faults. The lattice site location analysis by “atomic location by channelling enhanced microanalysis” revealed that the implanted Ge is mainly located at interstitial positions.

Effects of aphids and moth caterpillars on epiphytic microorganisms in canopies of forest trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Stadler ◽  
Thomas Müller
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Epiphytic Microorganisms ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Different Types

Different types of herbivores were investigated for their effects on microorganisms in the phyllosphere of forest trees during the growing season. Aphids on spruce, beech, and oak produced honeydew, which was readily consumed by microorganisms and resulted in two to three orders of magnitude higher densities (colony forming units) of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi on leaves of infested trees. The amounts of honeydew excreted by different aphid species and their mode of excretion (large droplets, tiny droplets scattered over leaves, production of wax wool) affected the degree to which honeydew could be processed by epiphytic microorganisms. All groups of microorganisms appeared to be energy limited. These results were consistent for different growth media offered to the microorganisms. Leaf-feeding moth caterpillars also positively affected the growth of microorganisms on leaves of beech and oak. The effects were more pronounced for bacteria and yeasts especially on oak. Thus, different functional groups of herbivores positively affected the growth of microorganisms in the phyllosphere of trees. It is suggested that the population dynamics of herbivores and their feeding characteristics are important features, which should be considered when the population dynamics of microorganisms in the canopies of trees is studied.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Electrophysiological and Anatomic Characteristics of Pacing Different Branches of the Left Bundle Conduction System

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Liu ◽  
Min Gu ◽  
Hong-Xia Niu ◽  
Xuhua Chen ◽  
Chi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Tricuspid Valve Annulus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Qrs Duration ◽  
Valve Annulus ◽  
Lead Location

Introduction: Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) is a rapidly growing conduction system pacing technique. However, little is known regarding the electrophysiological characteristics of different types of LBBP. We aimed to evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics and anatomic lead location with pacing different branches of the left bundle branch.Methods: Consecutive bradycardia patients with successful LBBP were enrolled and classified into groups according to the paced electrocardiogram and the lead location. Electrocardiogram, pacing properties, vectorcardiogram, and lead tip location were analyzed.Results: Ninety-one patients were enrolled, including 48 with the left bundle trunk pacing (LBTP) and 43 with the left bundle fascicular pacing (LBFP). The paced QRS duration in the LBTP group was significantly shorter than that in the LBFP group (108.1 ± 9.9 vs. 112.9 ± 11.2 ms, p = 0.03), with a more rightward QRS transition zone (p = 0.01). The paced QRS area in the LBTP group was similar to that during intrinsic rhythm (35.1 ± 15.8 vs. 34.7 ± 16.6 μVs, p = 0.98), whereas in the LBFP group, the paced QRS area was significantly larger compared to intrinsic rhythm (43.4 ± 15.8 vs. 35.7 ± 18.0 μVs, p = 0.01). The lead tip site for LBTP was located in a small fan-shaped area with the tricuspid valve annulus summit as the origin, whereas fascicular pacing sites were more likely in a larger and more distal area.Conclusions: Pacing the proximal left bundle main trunk produced better electrical synchrony compared with pacing the distal left bundle fascicles. A visualization technique can facilitate achieving LBTP.

Vulnerability To Predation in Baboon Populations

Behaviour ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 131 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Cowlishaw
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Prey Selection ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Sleeping Sites

AbstractThis study investigates patterns of predation in Papio baboon populations across Africa. Using anecdotal reports collated from the primate and predator literature, the following analyses are conducted. First, the primary predators of baboons are identified. These are shown to be the terrestrial carnivores; in order of importance leopards, lions and hyena. Second, patterns of large felid predation on baboons are investigated in detail. In terms of prey selection, leopards are more likely to take (1) adults than juveniles and (2) males than females. While lion attacks are strictly diurnal, leopards will attack during both the day and night. However, both predators are usually limited to conducting attacks when and/or where visibility is limited. Leopards were about twice as successful as lions at hunting baboons. Nocturnal leopard hunts were more successful than diurnal hunts when twilight cases were excluded; in relation to this, leopard attacks at sleeping sites were more likely to end in prey capture than attacks at waterholes. Finally, patterns of baboon retaliation against predators revealed that males are more likely to retaliate than females and that such behaviour effectively deters predators. Males are particularly aggressive towards leopards, where in 4/11 cases the leopard was killed. These results may help to resolve a number of outstanding controversies regarding the nature of predation risk in baboons, indicating that diurnal predation is a substantial threat, that males are effective at deterring several predator species, particularly leopards, and that predators will successfully attack and capture males.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI BERBAGAI TIPE HABITAT PERKEBUNAN KAKAO

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Jamalia Boinau ◽  
Daud Sanda Layuk ◽  
Dian Puspaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Species Similarity ◽  
Point Count Method ◽  
Nesting Place

ABSTRAK Burung merupakan salah satu jenis satwa yang sangat terpengaruh keberadaannya akibat alih guna lahan hutan, terutama pada lahan-lahan monokultur seperti perkebunan kakao. Hilangnya pohon hutan dan tumbuhan semak, hilang pula tempat bersarang, berlindung dan mencari  makan bagi berbagai jenis burung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan jenis burung di berbagai tipe habitat yaitu kakao campuran, kakao tanpa naungan dan kakao tepi hutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan motedo titik hitung (point count). Pengamatan dilakukan pada pukul 06.00-09.00 WITA pagi hari dan 15.00-18.00 WITA pada sore hari. Semua burung yang tertlihat dan terdengar pada radius 200 m dihitung dan dicatat jenisnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan keanekargaman jenis burung  pada seluruh areal masuk dalam kategori sedang yaitu H’= -2,60 dan kelimpahan 100.000 ind per ha dengan jumlah jenis sebanyak 67 dari 33 famili. Tidak ada perbedaan kemelimpahan antar tiga tipe habitat karena kesamaan vegetasi pada seluruh areal yang menjadi sumber pakan bagi beragai jenis burung dan juga jenis burung yang umum ditemukan. Indeks kesamaan jenis secara keseluruhan tidak mencapai 50% yang berarti indeks kesamaan jenis relatif rendah. Tidak ada perbedaan respon terhadap tiga tipe habitat yang berbeda, disebabkan karena tipa tipe habitat yang memiliki stuktur penyusun hutan dan vegetasi yang berbeda-beda.Kata Kunci: Burung, Habitat, Keanekaragaman.    ABSTRACKBird is one of animals which very influence their existence cause by the use of forest, especially on monoculture land such as cacao garden. Theloss of forest trees, bush, and nesting place, protection and food supply of many types of bird. This research aims at investigating the diversity and abundance bird in many habitat types such as cacao mixture, cacao without shade cacao and forest edge cacao. This research used point count method. The observation was conduct at 06.00-09.00 WITA Morning and 15.00-18.00 in the afternoon. Every bird which seen and heard on radius 200 m is counted and listed in every types. The findings reveals that the diversity of bird on type three is include in Medium category which is H’= -2,60 and abundance 100.000 ind/ha with total of type are 67 from 33 family. there is no difference of abundance between three types of habitat, because the similar vegetation i\on all area which become source of many types aof birds and general bird. index of type similarity  is not reach 50% which means index of relatively low species similarity. There is no difference response toward three types of different types of habitat, caused by types of habitat which has structure different forest compilers.Keywords: Birds, Habitat, Diversity.

The ecology of lutzomyia umbratilis Ward & Fraiha (Diptera: Psychodidae), the major vector to man of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis in north-eastern Amazonian brazil

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Ready ◽  
R. Lainson ◽  
J. J. Shaw ◽  
R. D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Amazonian Brazil

AbstractA description is given of the phlebotomine faunas of forests in north Pará State, Amazonian Brazil, that are endemic for ‘pian bois’-type dermal leishmaniasis of man caused by Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. As judged by collections from human baits, mammal-baited traps, CDC miniature light traps and from various resting sites, only the females of Lutzomyia umbratilis Ward & Fraiha have the habits (both arboreal and terrestrial) and abundance (periodic, seasonal and spatial) consistent with being a major vector to man of Leishmania b. guyanensis. Man is at risk of infection by the bite of Lutzomyia umbratilis at any time of the year if he disturbs the females from their daytime resting sites (on and around the bases of the larger forest trees) or if he remains in the forest between late afternoon and dawn (1700–0700 h).

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