THE NAMES FOR SNIPE BIRD (GALLINAGO GALLINAGO) IN UDMURT DIALECTS

The article discusses the Udmurt dialect names of the snipe bird (Gallinago gallinago), which is from the snipe family of the Charadriiformes order. The main sources are field dialect materials of the Laboratory of Linguistic Mapping and Historical Lexicology of Udmurt State University, collected within the project “Dialectological Atlas of the Udmurt language”. In this paper methods of linguo-geographical description, structural-semantic and etymological analysis of words are used. Udmurt names for snipe appeared during the period of independent development of the language. In the Udmurt dialects, the most frequently recorded word is n'urtaka , formed from the n'urvyltaka form due to contraction. We believe that it is the most ancient name for the snipe. The main motivation used in the snipe nomination is a sound similar to the bleating of a ram, which is emitted by a displaying male snipe. Most of the lexical variants have a two-component structure formed from original and borrowed nouns. The first component is an attributive noune. It indicates the habitat / nesting place of the bird ( n'ur ‘marshy’, muvyr ‘terrestrial’), characterizes its nocturnal lifestyle ( uy ‘nocturnal’), expresses belonging to the wild nature ( lud , kyr ‘wild’) and the class Birds ( in' ‘heavenly’). The second component is the name of domestic animals ( taka ‘ram’, ketchtaka ‘goat’, kaza ‘she-goat’). Typological similarity of the snipe nomination processes is observed in some related and unrelated languages. Such coincidence of motivation and semantic structures of words is due to the biological characteristics of this bird.

Application of Biofertilizer on Rica Plants in Pangkalan Gelebak Village, Banyuasin Regency

The farmers in Pangkalan Gelebak Village have the problem of their low agricultural productivity. The high price of chemical fertilizers causes the ability of the population to purchase fertilizers to be deficient. As a result, agricultural production is still far from optimal. In addition, rice straw left alone in rice fields can become a nesting place for pests such as rats, leafhoppers, and others. Therefore, it is necessary to transfer information on appropriate science and technology, which is environmentally friendly, to overcome the problems of farmers in Pangkalan Gelebak. One way to overcome this is to provide counseling about the importance of processing rice straw into biofertilizers to increase production, train, guide, and practice techniques for making biofertilizers made from rice straw to increase agricultural production, especially rice, and practicing application techniques for biofertilizer made from rice straw. Rice straw is the raw material for rice plants for farmers in Pangkalan Gelebak Village. The method used is to make demonstration plots of rice plants organically, counseling about the importance of processing rice straw into biofertilizers to increase production, carried out from February to June 2018. The results of using 400 kg/ha + 50 % chemical fertilizers can increase rice production from 3,5 tons/ha to 5,6 tons/ha (60,00% increase) when compared to using chemical fertilizers.

Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) laying eggs habitat mapping in Penimbangan Beach, Bali Island

Penimbangan beach is one of the tourist destinations located in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. This beach is also a nesting place for one of the sea turtle species in Indonesia, which is olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). The problem that exists on the island of Bali today is most of the land in coastal areas were experienced land degradation. This land degradation occurs due to human activities or natural factors, it harms the turtle nesting habitat around the coastal area of Bali Island. Conservation of nesting turtle habitat is needed through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study uses the parameters of sand particle, beach slope, width beach, humidity, and temperature parameter to determine the suitability of the turtle nesting habitat. Penimbangan beach area which is very suitable for turtle nesting locations has an area of 163,45 m2, suitable for laying eggs 4.886,44 m2, and not suitable for laying eggs 10.201,64 m2. The map of the suitability for laying turtle eggs is dominated by areas that are not suitable because the width of the beach is not too long and the humidity is still relatively high.

Breeding of black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus in muddy sites of a wastewater treatment plant

A stable group of birds has been formed at water treatment facilities. Sewage treatment sites are a well-known nesting place for long-legged waders. Black-winged stilts are included in the Bonn (Appendix II) and Berne (Appendix II) conventions, the AEWA agreement. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (1994, 2009) (status – vulnerable). In Ukraine, it is under protection on the territory of the natural reserve fund. The arrival of black-winged stilts waders at the nesting sites was recorded in the second-third decade of April (April 23, 2020; April 17, 2021). Immediately after returning to the nesting areas, the birds begin to build nests and lay eggs. The first eggs in this population were seen on 01.05.2020, 07.05.2021. The process of laying eggs lasted until the end of the first decade of July (08.07.2020). The average clutch size in the nests of Himantopus himantopus decreased from 3.8 ± 0.1 (2020) to 3.5 ± 0.1 (2021). The average egg sizes and their limits have been determined for long-legged waders. The chicks hatched from late May (30.05.2020), throughout June to the first decade of July (02.07.2020). The chicks were able to fly in a month – 29.06.2020. The muddy site of the wastewater treatment ponds of Kharkiv supported Black-winged Stilts until early August. Later, the birds started post-breeding movements. The last adults with juvenile birds were observed on 13.08.2020. Stilts in some years may stay until early October. The reproductive success of the black-winged stilt increased from 35.6% (2020) to 38.8% (2021). On average, 1.3 ± 0.2 (2020) and 1.4 ± 0.3 (2021) chicks fledged from the nests. In 2021, the number of nesting stilts increased, which is apparently due to rainy weather at the beginning of the reproductive period. For the purpose of more effective protection, the nesting settlements of the stilt should be protected and the appearance of people in the nesting places should be prohibited.

Nesting habitat selection and challenges of conservation of the vulnerable Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) in the Chitwan National Park, Nepal

The nesting ecology and conservation threats of the Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) were studied in the Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We located nine nesting colonies during the nesting season. The number of nests was highly positively correlated with tree height, diameter at breast height and canopy cover. The uppermost canopy of the trees was the most preferred nesting place. Storks preferred to nest in compact colonies on large, widely branched trees with thin foliage cover, such as Bombax ceiba, and also nearby the foraging grounds such as wetlands and grasslands. Storks mostly preferred to nest in Bombax ceiba, but if this tree was not available, they nested in other trees, such as Shorea robusta, Ficus racemosa and Terminalia alata. During the breeding season, 180 adults, 76 nests and 88 chicks were recorded, where the highest number of chicks was recorded near the Sauraha area of the Chitwan National Park. Most of the colonies were far from human settlements, which suggest that human disturbance could be the major determinant of nesting habitat selection in this area. The wetlands nearby human settlements are either overexploited in terms of mass collection of the storks` prey species by people or disturbed highly due to presence of a large number of people. These empirical findings suggest that conservation of Lesser Adjutant mainly rely on the protection of mature Bombax ceiba trees and the reduction of human disturbance and of the collection of stork prey animals from foraging areas.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI BERBAGAI TIPE HABITAT PERKEBUNAN KAKAO

ABSTRAK Burung merupakan salah satu jenis satwa yang sangat terpengaruh keberadaannya akibat alih guna lahan hutan, terutama pada lahan-lahan monokultur seperti perkebunan kakao. Hilangnya pohon hutan dan tumbuhan semak, hilang pula tempat bersarang, berlindung dan mencari makan bagi berbagai jenis burung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan jenis burung di berbagai tipe habitat yaitu kakao campuran, kakao tanpa naungan dan kakao tepi hutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan motedo titik hitung (point count). Pengamatan dilakukan pada pukul 06.00-09.00 WITA pagi hari dan 15.00-18.00 WITA pada sore hari. Semua burung yang tertlihat dan terdengar pada radius 200 m dihitung dan dicatat jenisnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan keanekargaman jenis burung pada seluruh areal masuk dalam kategori sedang yaitu H’= -2,60 dan kelimpahan 100.000 ind per ha dengan jumlah jenis sebanyak 67 dari 33 famili. Tidak ada perbedaan kemelimpahan antar tiga tipe habitat karena kesamaan vegetasi pada seluruh areal yang menjadi sumber pakan bagi beragai jenis burung dan juga jenis burung yang umum ditemukan. Indeks kesamaan jenis secara keseluruhan tidak mencapai 50% yang berarti indeks kesamaan jenis relatif rendah. Tidak ada perbedaan respon terhadap tiga tipe habitat yang berbeda, disebabkan karena tipa tipe habitat yang memiliki stuktur penyusun hutan dan vegetasi yang berbeda-beda.Kata Kunci: Burung, Habitat, Keanekaragaman. ABSTRACKBird is one of animals which very influence their existence cause by the use of forest, especially on monoculture land such as cacao garden. Theloss of forest trees, bush, and nesting place, protection and food supply of many types of bird. This research aims at investigating the diversity and abundance bird in many habitat types such as cacao mixture, cacao without shade cacao and forest edge cacao. This research used point count method. The observation was conduct at 06.00-09.00 WITA Morning and 15.00-18.00 in the afternoon. Every bird which seen and heard on radius 200 m is counted and listed in every types. The findings reveals that the diversity of bird on type three is include in Medium category which is H’= -2,60 and abundance 100.000 ind/ha with total of type are 67 from 33 family. there is no difference of abundance between three types of habitat, because the similar vegetation i\on all area which become source of many types aof birds and general bird. index of type similarity is not reach 50% which means index of relatively low species similarity. There is no difference response toward three types of different types of habitat, caused by types of habitat which has structure different forest compilers.Keywords: Birds, Habitat, Diversity.

Hauntings of Bodies, Selves, and Houses

This essay examines how the themes of domesticity, gender, and the function of bodies within the horrific realms of haunted domiciles function in three of comic and graphic novel author Emily Carroll’s short graphic horror stories. The essay discusses the short digital horror comic “All Along the Wall” (2014), as well as the short horror comics “A Lady’s Hands are Cold” and “The Nesting Place,” both published in Carroll’s 2014 collection Through the Woods. Each of these stories presents the reader with a ghost and/or haunting that has an unconventional relationship to corporeality, as well as with a female protagonist who is preyed upon in a domestic setting.

Female-Male and Female-Female Social Interactions of Captive Kept Capercaillie (Tetrao Urogallus) and Its Consequences in Planning Breeding Programs

Capercaillie behavior, both in the wild and in captivity, is poorly known due to this species’ secretive way of life. Female-male and female–female social organization and interactions are especially poorly documented. The research was conducted in Capercaillie Breeding Center in Wisła Forestry District where a breeding flock is kept throughout the year. Thanks to video monitoring, we were able to observe mate choice, and then later, female–female interactions during laying and incubation period. Male individual variation in tooting latency and duration were recorded. Females’ interest in males was related to males’ tooting activity, but when males became too insistent and started to chase the females, the females avoided contact with them. There was a significant relationship between calendar date and when tooting starts, and between the tooting duration the female spent with a male. Two incidents of female-male aggression caused by competition for food were observed. Female intruder presence and competition for nesting place was observed in 66.67% nests. Most female–female interactions were limited to threat posturing, but fights and attempts to push out the intruder from the nest occurred as well. Such interactions may lead to nest abandonment and egg destruction, lowering the breeding success.

STUDI HABITAT DAN SUMBER PAKAN LEBAH KELULUT DI KAWASAN CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG NYIUT DESA PISAK KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

Kelulut Bees is a stingless bee that produces honey, in the area of Gunung Nyiut Nature Reserve Kelulut Bees lives naturally with nests on tree trunks. It is not yet known how the habitat and sources of feed so that it is necessary to do research on the study of habitat and feed sources of Kelulut Bees. This study aims to obtain information about the condition of habitat and feed sources of Kelulut Bees. The method used was a survey with double plots which purposively placed, then identified the condition of habitat and feed sources. Types of hornet bees found were: Heterotrigona itama, Tetragonula laeviceps, Geniotrigona thoracica, Trigona carbonaria and Trigona drescheri. The bees nesting place were in living trees is (52%), dead trees (20%) and soil (28%). Daily mean temperature, air humidity and light intensity were 28.81 °C, 83.06%, and 583.76%. Soil type is PMK with pH 4.4, soil temperature 26.6 C °, soil moisture 26%. Altitude ± 360 masl. Tree analysis was dominated by Xanthophyllum amoenum 36.38%, Lepisanthes tetraphylla 38.01%, Syzgium chloranthum 45.8%, and Bellucia pentamera seedlings 51.58%. The feed sources at the observation sites were dominated by the family Myrtaceae and Dipterocarpaceae, while outside the plots the feed source was dominated by Cocos nucifera L, Durio zibethinus, Nephelium lappaceum L, Syzygium aqueum.Keywords : Feed source, Gunung Nyiut, habitat, kelulut bees, Nature Reserve.