Differentiation in the eastern Asian Periphyllus koelreuteriae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species complex driven by climate and host plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Li ◽  
Xiaolan Lin ◽  
Junjie Li ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
Xiaolei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Basal Clade

Abstract Divergent adaptation to different ecological conditions is regarded as important for speciation. For phytophagous insects, there is limited empirical evidence on species differentiation driven by climate and host plant. The recent application of molecular data and integrative taxonomic practice may improve our understanding of population divergence and speciation. Periphyllus koelreuteriae aphids feed exclusively on Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) in temperate and subtropical regions of eastern Asia, and show morphological and phenological variations in different regions. In this study, phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses based on four genes revealed that P. koelreuteriae populations comprised three distinct genetic clades corresponding to climate and host plants, with the populations from subtropical highland regions and on Koelreuteria bipinnata host plants representing the most basal clade. These genetic lineages also showed distinct characteristics in terms of morphology and life cycle. The results indicate that P. koelreuteriae is a species complex with previously unrevealed lineages, whose differentiation may have been driven by climatic difference and host plant.

scholarly journals Specialization on Ficus Supported by Genetic Divergence and Morphometrics in Sympatric Host-Populations of the Camellia Aphid, Aphis aurantii

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Li ◽  
Cui Chen ◽  
Yangxue Wu ◽  
Junaid Ali Siddiqui ◽  
Congcong Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Herbivorous Insects

Adaptation to different host plants is considered to be an important driver of the divergence and speciation of herbivorous insects. The application of molecular data and integrated taxonomic practices in recent years may contribute to our understanding of population divergence and speciation, especially for herbivorous insects considered to be polyphagous. Aphis aurantii is an important agricultural and forestry pest with a broad range of host plants. In this study, samples of A. aurantii feeding on different host plants in the same geographical area were collected, and their population genetic divergence and morphological difference were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network analysis based on five genes revealed that the population on Ficus exhibited significantly genetic divergence from populations on other host plants, which was also supported by the statistical analysis based on measurements of 38 morphological characters. Our results suggest that A. aurantii has undergone specialized evolution on Ficus, and the Ficus population may represent a lineage that is experiencing ongoing sympatric speciation.

scholarly journals Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther-smut fungi and their host plants Silene italica and the S. nutans species complex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny E. Hartmann ◽  
Alodie Snirc ◽  
Amandine Cornille ◽  
Cécile Godé ◽  
Pascal Touzet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Anther Smut

AbstractThe study of population genetic structure congruence between hosts and pathogens gives important insights into their shared phylogeographic and coevolutionary histories. We studied the population genetic structure of castrating anther-smut fungi (Microbotryum genus) and of their host plants, the Silene nutans species complex, and the morphologically and genetically close S. italica, which can be found in sympatry. Phylogeographic population genetic structure related to persistence in separate glacial refugia has been recently revealed in the S. nutans plant species complex across Western Europe, identifying several distinct lineages. We genotyped 171 associated plant-pathogen pairs of anther-smut fungi and their host plant individuals using microsatellite markers and plant chloroplastic SNPs. We found clear differentiation between fungal populations parasitizing S. nutans and S. italica plants. The population genetic structure of fungal strains parasitizing the S. nutans plant species complex mirrored the host plant genetic structure, suggesting that the pathogen was isolated in glacial refugia together with its host and/or that it has specialized on the plant genetic lineages. Using random forest approximate Bayesian computation (ABC-RF), we found that the divergence history of the fungal lineages on S. nutans was congruent with the one previously inferred for the host plant and likely occurred with ancient but no recent gene flow. Genome sequences confirmed the genetic structure and the absence of recent gene flow between fungal genetic lineages. Our analyses of host-pathogen individual pairs contribute to a better understanding of co-evolutionary histories between hosts and pathogens in natural ecosystems, in which such studies are still scarce.

Species delimitation in Noccaea densiflora species complex (Brassicaceae) based on morphological and molecular data

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurtuluş Özgişi ◽  
Burcu Tarıkahya-Hacıoğlu ◽  
Atila Ocak
Keyword(s):  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Species Concepts ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Multispecies Coalescent

The accurate identification of an organism is the basis of all biological disciplines. Although there have been many different species concepts and methods proposed, researchers generally choose the most appropriate concept according to their interests. However, each species concept has both advantages and disadvantages. In such cases, an integrated concept based on evidence obtained from different species concepts and methods is suitable for the accurate delimitation of a species. The biggest dilemma of integrated species delimitation methods is the inconsistency between species concepts and methods. Herein, the congruency of the different concepts and methods was tested to reveal the relationship of the Noccaea densiflora species complex. nrITS, chloroplast trnL-F, and trnQ-5'rps16 regions were used for species delimitation using the multispecies coalescent model (MSC) as implemented in two developed Bayesian Methods. ITS and trnL-F regions were also used for TCS haplotype network analyses. In addition to morphological measurements from different populations and vouchers, specific bioclimatic data values were also used for the principal component analysis. Based on all of the analyses, it was determined that only one population of N. densiflora and and one of N. microstyla were clearly distinct, whereas the rest of the specimens remain taxonomically uncertain.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Ziegler-Graff
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

Plant viruses rely on both host plant and vectors for a successful infection. Essentially to simplify studies, transmission has been considered for decades as an interaction between two partners, virus and vector. This interaction has gained a third partner, the host plant, to establish a tripartite pathosystem in which the players can react with each other directly or indirectly through changes induced in/by the third partner. For instance, viruses can alter the plant metabolism or plant immune defence pathways to modify vector’s attraction, settling or feeding, in a way that can be conducive for virus propagation. Such changes in the plant physiology can also become favourable to the vector, establishing a mutualistic relationship. This review focuses on the recent molecular data on the interplay between viral and plant factors that provide some important clues to understand how viruses manipulate both the host plants and vectors in order to improve transmission conditions and thus ensuring their survival.

Analysis of Genetic Variation Among Cowpea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations Evidenced from Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Sequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Atsalek Rattanawannee ◽  
Kanyanat Wongsa ◽  
Orawan Duangphakdee
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Cowpea Aphid

Abstract Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or cowpea aphid is a polyphagous insect pest that feeds on a variety of leguminous plants. We determined the contribution of host-associated genetic differentiation on population structure using the sequence data generated from analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b oxidase (Cytb) and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1-alpha) of A. craccivora collected from cultivated yardlong bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) H. Ohashi.] (Fabales: Fabaceae) and winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.] (Fabales: Fabaceae). Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses revealed no evidence of strong host plant or geographical clustering in both the mitochondrial and nuclear gene dataset. A moderate, low-magnitude genetic distance (FST) between host plants and geographical localities was found in this study. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that host plant and geography do not influence the structure of genetic variation in A. craccivora populations. Genetic variation between host plants at a location and host plants among locations demonstrated no consistent result for population subdivision of A. craccivora. These results suggest that geographical location and host plants do not significantly influence the genetic structure of A. craccivora, and this might be due to their high reproductive (parthenogenesis) ability and high migration (airborne) between host plants and regions of the country.

Molecular phylogeny and morphological diversity of the Niviventer fulvescens species complex with emphasis on species from China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyan Ge ◽  
Anderson Feijó ◽  
Alexei V Abramov ◽  
Zhixin Wen ◽  
Zhengjia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Distinct Lineage

Abstract The Niviventer fulvescens species complex (NFSC), a group of abundant and taxonomically ambiguous rodent taxa, is distributed from Southeast Asia to south-eastern China. We combined molecular and morphological datasets to clarify the species composition and variation of the NFSC. Our phylogenetic analyses, using molecular data, recovered eight genetic lineages in the NFSC, including a novel, distinct lineage from Jilong, Tibet, China, which is described as a new species, N. fengi sp. nov. The species status of N. fengi is supported by a species delimitation analysis, and it is morphologically distinguished from other members of the NFSC by its greyish dorsal fur, soft hairs covering the whole body and a hairy tail. NFSC species bearing well-developed spines are found at lower elevations. A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the NFSC within China is provided, represented by five species: N. cremoriventer, N. fulvescens, N. huang, N. mekongis comb. nov. and N. fengi. A further study of this species complex, including samples from Southeast Asia, is needed.

Convergent evolution in Cladonia gracilis and allies

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M. FONTAINE ◽  
Teuvo AHTI ◽  
Michele D. PIERCEY-NORMORE
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Polyketide Synthase ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Network Analyses

AbstractMembers of the Cladonia gracilis group of lichen fungi are common terrestrial lichens where morphological features are more similar between members of the C. gracilis species complex and allied species outside the complex than they are between subspecies within the complex. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the Cladonia gracilis species complex is monophyletic, to determine whether morphological similarity is supported by genetic variation, and to examine the utility of the polyketide synthase (PKS) gene for phylogenetic studies among closely related species. Two loci, the ketosynthase region of the PKS gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA, were sequenced and analysed by Maximum Parsimony, Bayesian and haplotype network analyses. Functional differences were also inferred through ITS2 RNA secondary structures and non-synonymous changes in translated PKS amino acid sequences. The monophyly of the C. gracilis complex is supported by 71% bootstrap in the ITS phylogeny, and 92% bootstrap with greater than 95% posterior probability in the PKS phylogeny. Morphological similarity is not always supported by genetic similarity. The PKS gene is less variable than the ITS but the PKS supports species hypotheses that are reflected in the ITS2 RNA model. We conclude that monophyly of the C. gracilis complex can be supported if C. cornuta, C. coniocraea and C. ochrochlora are included in the complex. In addition, C. maxima, C. phyllophora and C. subchordalis are supported as monophyletic species outside the C. gracilis complex. Cladonia maxima may form a separate species and variation among podetial morphology may be explained by convergent evolution.

Hidden diversity within the Diopatra cuprea complex (Annelida: Onuphidae): morphological and genetics analyses reveal four new species in the south-west Atlantic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Corrêa Seixas ◽  
Tatiana Menchini Steiner ◽  
Antônio Mateo Solé-Cava ◽  
Antonia Cecília Zacagnini Amaral ◽  
Paulo Cesar Paiva
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sea Level Fluctuations ◽  
South West ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Determinant Factor

Abstract Diopatra is the most species-rich genus of Onuphidae with about 60 species. Although 14 species have been reported for Brazil, the cosmopolitan D. cuprea is the most commonly reported from the area, including populations with a large morphological diversity. To better elucidate this species complex, we use morphological and molecular data, and reveal a hidden diversity. Thus, we describe four new species (D. hannelorae sp. nov., D. marinae sp. nov., D. pectiniconicum sp. nov. and D. victoriae sp. nov.) and discuss their geographical and bathymetrical distributions. None of the analysed specimens could be identified as D. cuprea based on available sequences. New taxonomic characters were highlighted, including jaw morphology, which was the determinant factor to differentiate D. marinae from D. victoriae. Phylogenetic analysis indicates three (COI and ND4) or four (concatenated) lineages, because D. marinae was not always reciprocally monophyletic. Sequence-based species delimitation also indicates three to five species, depending on the method used. Inter- and intragroup genetic divergence and haplotype network analysis supported four species. The divergence time among species indicates that Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations and the Vitória–Trindade chain limited the gene flow between northern and southern populations and contributed to the emergence of species, mainly in the case of D. marinae and D. victoriae.

A closer look at the morphological and molecular diversity of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala) in Middle American cichlids (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae), with the description of a new species from Costa Rica

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.D. Pinacho-Pinacho ◽  
A.L. Sereno-Uribe ◽  
M. García-Varela ◽  
G. Pérez-Ponce de León
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
A New Species

Abstract Neoechinorhynchus is one of the most speciose genera of acanthocephalans, with approximately 116 described species. A recent study, aimed at establishing the genetic diversity of Neoechinorhynchus in Middle American freshwater fishes, validated nine species molecularly and morphologically and revealed the existence of 10 putative candidate species. Neoechinorhynchus golvani, a parasite commonly found in cichlids throughout Middle America with an allegedly large intraspecific morphological variability, was found to represent a species complex; species delimitation methods uncovered three additional genetic lineages. Here, we re-analyse the morphological and molecular data for N. golvani species complex infecting cichlids in that geographical area. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted particularly for the length of apical, middle and posterior hooks of the species/lineages of Neoechinorhynchus in cichlids, revealing morphological variation in the length of apical hooks for Lineage 8, although no morphological distinction was observed for Lineages 9 and 10. A new concatenated phylogenetic analysis of one mitochondrial and two ribosomal DNA genes was used to further corroborate the species delimitation among lineages; Neoechinorhynchus Lineage 8 was found to be morphologically and genetically distinct from its sister taxa, N. golvani and other two undescribed genetic lineages, and is formally described as a new species. Neoechinorhynchus costarricense n. sp. is described from the intestines of eight species of cichlids in Costa Rica. The new species is distinguished from the other species/lineages of Neoechinorhynchus in cichlids mainly by the size of the apical hooks of the proboscis.

scholarly journals Conserved secreted effectors determine endophytic growth and multi-host plant compatibility in a vascular wilt fungus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amey Redkar ◽  
Mugdha Sabale ◽  
Christian Schudoma ◽  
Bernd Zechmann ◽  
Yogesh K. Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Fungal Interactions ◽  
Genomic Regions

AbstractFungal interactions with plant roots, either beneficial or detrimental, have a major impact on agriculture and ecosystems. The soil inhabiting ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) constitutes a species complex of worldwide distribution causing vascular wilt in more than a hundred different crops. Individual isolates of the fungus exhibit host-specific pathogenicity, determined by proteinaceous effectors termed secreted in xylem (SIX). However, such isolates can also colonize roots of non-host plants asymptomatically as endophytes, or even protect them against pathogenic isolates. The molecular determinants of multi-host plant colonization are currently unknown. Here, we identified a set of fungal effectors termed ERCs (Early Root Compatibility effectors), which are secreted during early biotrophic growth of Fo on both host and non-host plants. In contrast to the strain-specific SIX effectors, which are encoded on accessory genomic regions, ERCs are encoded on core regions and are found across the entire Fo species complex as well as in other phytopathogens, suggesting a conserved role in fungus-plant associations. Targeted deletion of ERC genes in a pathogenic Fo isolate resulted in reduced virulence on the host plant and rapid activation of plant immune responses, while in a non-pathogenic isolate it led to impaired root colonization and loss of biocontrol ability. Strikingly, some ERCs also contribute to Fo infection on the non-vascular land plant Marchantia polymorpha. Our results reveal an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for multi-host colonization by root infecting fungi.

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