Evolutionary relationships among life-history traits in Caninae (Mammalia: Carnivora)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Marafina Vieira Porto ◽  
Renan Maestri ◽  
Leandro Da Silva Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
The Family ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Solitary Species

Abstract Over the last few years, a debate about the relative roles of distinct factors on the evolution of lineages has gained prominence. The family Canidae is an excellent group for exploring this idea, owing to its rich fossil history. One of the most intriguing traits in canids is social organization, which varies from highly social to solitary species. However, we do not have a complete understanding of how sociality evolved in this clade. Here, we use a combination of phylogenetic analyses, ancestral character reconstructions and comparative methods on the only extant subfamily, Caninae, to understand how traits expressing ecological features evolved over the last 12.6 Myr. Our findings suggest that the evolution of low, medium and high sociality forms was abrupt and highly correlated with the evolution of hypo-, meso- and hypercarnivorous forms, respectively. In addition, our results suggest that the evolution of phenotypic traits in Caninae occurred through a sequential cause–effect relationship, where changes in habitat use and body size probably triggered changes in social behaviour, which in turn drove the evolution of diet.

Hormones and Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Maren N. Vitousek ◽  
Laura A. Schoenle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Behavior

Hormones mediate the expression of life history traits—phenotypic traits that contribute to lifetime fitness (i.e., reproductive timing, growth rate, number and size of offspring). The endocrine system shapes phenotype by organizing tissues during developmental periods and by activating changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology in response to varying physical and social environments. Because hormones can simultaneously regulate many traits (hormonal pleiotropy), they are important mediators of life history trade-offs among growth, reproduction, and survival. This chapter reviews the role of hormones in shaping life histories with an emphasis on developmental plasticity and reversible flexibility in endocrine and life history traits. It also discusses the advantages of studying hormone–behavior interactions from an evolutionary perspective. Recent research in evolutionary endocrinology has provided insight into the heritability of endocrine traits, how selection on hormone systems may influence the evolution of life histories, and the role of hormonal pleiotropy in driving or constraining evolution.

Comparing Mutational Variabilities

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 1467-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Houle ◽  
Bob Morikawa ◽  
Michael Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Infinite Population ◽  
Persistence Time ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Balance Hypothesis

Abstract We have reviewed the available data on VM, the amount of genetic variation in phenotypic traits produced each generation by mutation. We use these data to make several qualitative tests of the mutation-selection balance hypothesis for the maintenance of genetic variance (MSB). To compare VM values, we use three dimensionless quantities: mutational heritability, the mutational coefficient of variation, CVM; and the ratio of the standing genetic variance to VM, VG/VM. Since genetic coefficients of variation for life history traits are larger than those for morphological traits, we predict that under MSB, life history traits should also have larger CVM. This is confirmed; life history traits have a median CVM value more than six times higher than that for morphological traits. VG/VM approximates the persistence time of mutations under MSB in an infinite population. In order for MSB to hold, VG/VM must be small, substantially less than 1000, and life history traits should have smaller values than morphological traits. VG/VM averages about 50 generations for life history traits and 100 generations for morphological traits. These observations are all consistent with the predictions of a mutation-selection balance model.

scholarly journals Flavivirga jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., and Flavivirga amylovorans sp. nov., new members of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater, and emended descriptions of the genera Psychroserpens and Lacinutrix

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_5) ◽  
pp. 1061-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Yi ◽  
Jang-Cheon Cho ◽  
Jongsik Chun
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Gliding Motility ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Family

Two yellow, rod-shaped, Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic bacterial strains, designated JC2682T and JC2681T, were isolated from a seawater sample of Jeju Island, Korea. The isolates required sea salts for growth and showed gliding motility. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains JC2682T and JC2681T shared 96.9 % similarity and formed a robust monophyletic group within the radiation encompassing the family Flavobacteriaceae . This distinct clade, which had varying branch positions depending on the tree-making algorithm used, represents a new genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae . The predominant isoprenoid quinone (menaquinone 6, MK-6) and DNA G+C content (27–33 mol%) were consistent with its assignment to the family Flavobacteriaceae , but the polar lipid profile, fatty acid composition and overall phenotypic traits demonstrated that the test strains were not closely affiliated to any recognized genera. Based on data from the present polyphasic taxonomic study, strains JC2682T and JC2681T are considered to represent two novel species of a new genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae , for which the names Flavivirga jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Flavivirga amylovorans sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Flavivirga jejuensis is JC2682T ( = KACC 14158T  = JCM 17113T). The type strain of Flavivirga amylovorans is JC2681T ( = KACC 14157T  = JCM 17112T). Amended descriptions of the genera Psychroserpens and Lacinutrix are provided.

scholarly journals Relative clutch mass of Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann, 1828 (Squamata, Corytophanidae): female morphological constraints

Herpetozoa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Gabriel Suárez-Varón ◽  
Orlando Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
Gisela Granados-González ◽  
Maricela Villagrán-Santa Cruz ◽  
Kevin M. Gribbins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
The Family ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Clutch Mass

Clutch size (CS) and relative clutch mass (RCM) are considered important features in life history descriptions of species within Squamata. Variations in these two characteristics are caused by both biotic and abiotic factors. The present study provides the first account related to CS and RCM ofBasiliscus vittatusin Mexico within a population that inhabits an open riverbed juxtapositioned to tropical rainforest habitat in Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico (170 m a.s.l.). Twenty-nine gravid females were collected and kept in captivity under favorable conditions that promote oviposition. The CS within this population was 6.2 ± 0.2 and was correlated positively with snout vent-length (SVL); while the RCM was 0.17 ± 0.006 and was correlated positively with both CS and width of egg. Factors, such as female morphology and environmental conditions, should influence these reproductive traits inB. vittatus. The data collected in this study could provide a framework for comparisons of the life history traits across populations ofB. vittatusin Mexico and within other species of the family Corytophanidae and provide a model for testing how abiotic and biotic factors may influence the CS and RCM in basilisk lizards throughout their range.

scholarly journals Latrocimicinae completes the phylogeny of Cimicidae: meeting old morphologic data rather than modern host phylogeny

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sándor Hornok ◽  
Tamara Szentiványi ◽  
Nóra Takács ◽  
Áron Botond Kovács ◽  
Olivier Glaizot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Relevant Study ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
The Family ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Morphologic Data

AbstractThe family Cimicidae includes obligate hematophagous ectoparasites (bed bugs and their relatives) with high veterinary/medical importance. The evolutionary relationships of Cimicidae and their hosts have recently been reported in a phylogenetic context, but in the relevant study, one of the six subfamilies, the bat-specific Latrocimicinae, was not represented. In this study the only known species of Latrocimicinae, i.e., Latrocimex spectans, was analyzed with molecular and phylogenetic methods based on four (two nuclear and two mitochondrial) genetic markers. The completed subfamily-level phylogeny of Cimicidae showed that Latrocimicinae is most closely related to Haematosiphoninae (ectoparasites of birds and humans), with which it shares systematically important morphologic characters, but not hosts. Moreover, in the phylogenetic analyses, cimicid bugs that are known to infest phylogenetically distant bat hosts clustered together (e.g., Leptocimex and Stricticimex within Cacodminae), while cimicid subfamilies (Latrocimicinae, Primicimicinae) that are known to infest bat hosts from closely related superfamilies clustered distantly. In conclusion, adding Latrocimicinae significantly contributed to the resolution of the phylogeny of Cimicidae. The close phylogenetic relationship between Latrocimicinae and Haematosiphoninae is consistent with long-known morphologic data. At the same time, phylogenetic relationships of genera within subfamilies are inconsistent with the phylogeny of relevant hosts. Graphical abstract

Anchialine adjustments: an updated phylogeny and classification for the family Barbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987 (Decapoda: Caridea)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Ditter ◽  
Luis M Mejía-Ortíz ◽  
Heather D Bracken-Grissom
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
16S Gene ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
The Family

Abstract Barbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987 is a family comprised of 4 genera and 11 species of enigmatic shrimps restricted to anchialine or marine caves whose evolutionary history and relationships remain elusive. We investigated the evolutionary relationships among members of Barbouriidae with the inclusion of four genera and nine species, and newly collected material from Belize, the Bahamas, and the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Phylogenetic analyses based on seven mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions and genetic distances calculated using partial 16S gene regions have identified a need to revisit the relationships and classification within Barbouriidae. More specifically, we find evidence to suggest Janicea Manning & Hart, 1984 as a junior synonym of Parhippolyte Borradaile, 1900, B. yanezi Mejía, Zarza & López, 2008 as a synonym of Barbouria cubensis (von Martens, 1872), and define two new subfamilies, Calliasmatinae Holthuis, 1973 and Barbouriinae Christoffersen, 1987. Included is a dichotomous key for the species of Barbouriidae that summarizes previous literature and includes new morphological characters. Our findings shed light on existing inaccuracies and gaps in molecular data from barbouriids. We also provide further clarity into evolutionary relationships among genera of Barbouriidae and their allies, suggesting phylogeographic divisions within the family. Our findings suggest an early Atlantic-Pacific divide among genera originating from a shallow-water reef ancestor.

Body size and segmentation patterns in free-living and parasitic polychaetes

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
The Family ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Number Of Segments ◽  
Over Time

Taxa that include both free-living and parasitic lineages present opportunities to examine if and how the life-history traits of parasitic organisms have diverged from those of their free-living relatives. In a comparative analysis the body sizes and numbers of body segments of parasitic polychaetes of the family Oenonidae were compared with those of free-living polychaetes from closely related families. There was no difference in body length between oenonids and free-living polychaetes. However, the parasitic oenonids attain, on average, a much higher number of body segments than their free-living counterparts. The number of segments per unit body length is also much higher in oenonids than in related free-living polychaetes. This suggests that new segments are produced at a higher rate or for longer periods in oenonids than in free-living polychaetes, in which the proliferation of new segments slows down over time to allow for the segments to grow in size. Given that each segment can produce gametes late in the life of the worm, the proliferation of segments in oenonids may be an adaptation to their parasitic life-style.

scholarly journals A framework for understanding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 48-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Marschall ◽  
Thomas P Quinn ◽  
Derek A Roff ◽  
Jeffrey A Hutchings ◽  
Neil B Metcalfe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time

We took a hierarchical approach to understanding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history patterns by first comparing salmonids to other teleosts, next comparing Atlantic salmon to other salmonids, and finally, mapping correlations among individual life history traits within Atlantic salmon. The combination of anadromy, large eggs, nest construction and egg burial by females, and large size at maturity differentiates salmonids from most other teleosts. Within the family Salmonidae, there is considerable variation in all traits but Atlantic salmon are generally in the middle of the range. Within Atlantic salmon, we were able to map correlations among individual life history traits, but we found that we still lacked an understanding comprehensive and quantitative enough to allow us to predict how the entire life history should respond to environmental changes. Thus, we proposed several general courses of action: (i) use models to synthesize complex patterns and relationships, (ii) collect long time series of data in individual systems, and (iii) design experiments to assess phenotypic plasticity and how environmental influences differ from genetic effects and constraints.

scholarly journals Pontirhabdus pectinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2475-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Yi ◽  
Jang-Cheon Cho ◽  
Jongsik Chun
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Gliding Motility ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phyletic Line ◽  
Taxonomic Approach ◽  
Sequence Similarities

A yellow-coloured, rod-shaped, Gram-reaction-negative and aerobic bacterial strain, designated JC2675T, was isolated from a seawater sample from Jeju Island, Korea. The isolate required sea salts for growth. Gliding motility was observed. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JC2675T represented a distinct phyletic line that reflected a novel generic status within the family Flavobacteraceae with relatively low gene sequence similarities (<95.7 %) to other recognized genera. The predominant isoprenoid quinone (MK-6) and DNA G+C content (30 mol%) were consistent with the assignment of the novel strain to the family Flavobacteriaceae, but overall phenotypic traits demonstrated that the novel strain was not closely affiliated with any previously described genus. Based on data from a study using a polyphasic taxonomic approach, it is proposed that strain JC2675T represents a new genus and novel species belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Pontirhabdus pectinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is JC2675T ( = KACC 14153T = JCM 17107T).

Evaluating internal versus external characters: Phylogenetic analyses of the Echinoconchidae, Buxtoniinae, and Juresaniinae (phylum Brachiopoda)

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey R. Leighton ◽  
Christopher G. Maples
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Cardinal Process ◽  
Invertebrate Paleontology ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strong Agreement

Evolutionary relationships between the Echinoconchidae, Productidae, Buxtoniinae, and Juresaniinae (Phylum Brachiopoda, Order Productida) have been the subject of debate for the better part of a century. The original (Muir-Wood and Williams, 1965) and revised (Brunton et al., 2000) Brachiopoda volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology use markedly different classifications and emphasize different characters. The 1965 Treatise classification for these taxa primarily was based on internal features, especially the cardinal process; the revised Treatise (2000) relied on external ornament and shell shape. Multiple phylogenetic analyses (global parsimony, stratocladistics, nearest-neighbor) of 14 genera, representing all of the relevant subfamilies and outgroups, are in strong agreement that 1) the subfamily Buxtoniinae belongs in the family Echinoconchidae, not to the Productidae; 2) the subfamily Juresaniinae is more closely related to the Echinoconchinae than to the Buxtoniinae; and 3) that internal characters, such as a shafted cardinal process and anterio-medial position of the brachial valve adductor field, provide the best phylogenetic signal, and are synapomorphic for the Echinoconchidae. Jackknifing and Bremer Support corroborate these results.

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