The Anatomy, Movement and Functions of Human Sperm Tail: An Evolving Mystery
Abstract Sperms have attracted the attention of many researchers since it was discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677. Though a small cell, its every part has complex structure and a different function to play in carrying life further. Sperm tail is the most complicated structure with more than 1000 proteins involved in its functioning. With advent of advanced three-dimensional microscopes, many studies are still undergoing to understand the exact mechanism of sperm tail movement. Most recent studies have shown that sperms move by spinning rather than swimming. Furthermore, each small subunit of tail including axonemal and peri-axonemal structures play essential roles in sperm motility, capacitation, hyperactivation, fertilization. Methodology: Relevant literature (from 1982 till 2020) on sperm tail anatomy, movement and functions were searched from various English language full length and review articles using PUBMED, SCOPUS or Google database. Conclusion: There is still a lot needed to be discovered about human sperm tail movement and its role in male fertility. Sperm tail has a complex anatomy with surrounding axoneme having 9+2 microtubules (9 outer doublet and one central doublet) arrangement along its entire length and additional peri-axonemal structures that all contribute in sperm motility and fertilization. In future various sperm tail proteins and its subunits can be used as markers of male fertility.