scholarly journals Fruit and Vegetables Carotenoids Intake in Eight Latin American Countries, Results from the ELANS Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 107-107
Author(s):  
Georgina Gomez ◽  
Yadira Cortés ◽  
Ana Murillo ◽  
Irina Kovalskys ◽  
Mauro Fisberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Nutrition Study ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Objectives To determine carotenoid intake (Beta and alpha carotene, lycopene and beta cryptoxanthin) from fruit and vegetable sources in ELANS participating countries. Methods Data were obtained from the Latin American Health and Nutrition Study (ELANS), a multicenter study developed in urban areas of 8 Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Dietary intake among 9218 participants (15- 65 y) was assessed using two 24-hour recall and processed by Nutritional Data System for Research (NDS-R). Fruits and vegetables were classified according to the 2002–2007 FAO Supply Utilization Accounts Data. Major food sources of carotenoids were assessed using weighed-proportions. Median intake, expressed as micrograms per day (mcg/d), and sources of carotenoids were performed by country. Results *All data is presented as mcg/d The highest intake for beta-carotene was reported in Ecuador (2659.6 ± 82.8) and the lowest in Brazil (1368.9 ± 42.2). The same trend was observed for alpha-carotene (290.6 ± 15.2 in Brazil vs 975.6 ± 33.5 in Ecuador). The main sources of these carotenoids are root vegetables such as carrots and beets. In the case of lycopene, Ecuador showed the highest average intake (3038.5 ± 174.3) whereas Peru showed the lowest (1111.7 ± 75.2). The most important source of this carotenoid is fruity vegetables, such as tomatoes. For beta cryptoxanthin, the highest intake was observed in Venezuela (246.3 ± 10.7) and the lowest was reported in Brazil (99.5 ± 5.3) Conclusions Fruits and vegetables are important sources of carotenoids in the human diet. Of all countries included in this study, Brazil had the lowest intake of beta and alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin, and Ecuador had the highest intake of beta and alpha carotene and lycopene. Further studies are needed to assess bioavailability and serum concentrations in order to establish dietary recommendations regarding both pro vitamin and non pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Funding Sources The ELANS is supported by a scientific grant from the Coca Cola Company and support from participating academic institutions. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of this abstract.

Taxpayers' Attitudes towards Tax Evasion in Latin American Countries

2014 ◽  
pp. 73-104
Author(s):  
Müslüm Basılgan ◽  
Bryan Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Consumption Taxes ◽  
Latin American Countries

The weight of the state in economic and social life is very important even if it might differ from country to country. The state provides particular public services and needs to the various funding sources to provide these services. Taxes constitute the largest share of financial sources needed by the state to operate effectively. However, taxes are often not welcomed by taxpayers, creating the unwanted behavior of tax evasion. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal the tax structures of Latin American countries and to examine tax morale as an important determinant in shaping the attitudes of taxpayers in Latin America. This chapter shows the most important component of tax revenues in Latin American countries constitutes consumption taxes instead of income taxes, in contrast to developed regions such as those in OECD countries. It shows the tax structure in Latin American countries reflects the typical tax structure in developing countries. It is also observed that average tax morale is higher in South American countries, such as Venezuela, Paraguay, and Argentina, than in other areas, although it has a changing property over time. Moreover, the chapter shows tax morale is associated with financial indicators (satisfaction with income, the present economic situation, income distribution, and the functioning of the market economy), policy indicators (satisfaction with democracy, confidence with government), and demographic indicators (age, education).

scholarly journals Food Insecurity, Food Environment and Obesity Among Urban School-Aged Children in Queretaro, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 131-131
Author(s):  
María Guadalupe Hernández-Pineda ◽  
María del Carmen Caamaño ◽  
Dolores Ronquillo ◽  
Hugo Melgar-Quinonez ◽  
Juana Elizabeth Elton-Puente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Funding Sources

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the relationship between food insecurity, food environment and obesity in school-aged children in Queretaro. Methods In this cross-sectional study, weight, height and body fat % (BF%) were measured in 122 school-aged children (8.1 ± 1.5 y) from an urban area in Queretaro, Mexico. Additionally, household food insecurity was assessed using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). Geolocation data of both food establishments (FE) and participants’ households (HH) were collected and uploaded into a GIS database. The distance to the closest FE within a 300 m radius from each participant's household was calculated using GIS. FE were categorized as follows: (1) FEPF, which mainly sold processed foods (e.g., convenient stores); and (2) FEnPF, which mainly sold non-processed foods (e.g., fruterías – only fruits and vegetables). Univariate analysis was used to assess the interaction of BF%, food insecurity and FE categories using SPSS v23.0. Results Almost half of the children showed high BF% (48%), while 43% lived in HH with some degree of food insecurity. Children in moderately/severely food insecure HH and who lived close to FEnPF had significantly lower BF% (18.9 ± 4.7%), compared to children in food secure HH (24.4 ± 2.5%) or HH experiencing mild food insecurity (25.0 ± 2.6%) (P < 0.05). However, children in moderately/severely food insecure HH, who lived close to FEPF had significantly higher BF% (29.4 ± 2.7%), compared to those experiencing mild food insecurity (23.7 ± 1.5%), or who were food secure (22.8 ± 1.1%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions Children living in moderately/severely food insecure HH showed an opposite BF% pattern when compared to those in food secure or mildly food insecure HH, depending on how close they live to FE that either mainly sold processed foods or unprocessed foods, indicating the potential relationship of food environment to childhood obesity mediated by food insecurity. Funding Sources Partially funded by FOFI, UAQ.

scholarly journals Helping With Meal Preparation and Children’s Dietary Intake: A Literature Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Quelly
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Meal Preparation ◽  
Key Terms

Most children and adolescents do not meet dietary recommendations that may result in poor diets contributing to obesity. This systematic literature review was conducted to examine associations between helping with meal preparation at home and dietary quality, intake of specific foods, and/or dietary-related perceptions among youth. A search of databases using key terms was conducted for studies meeting criteria. This literature review included 15 studies using a cross-sectional descriptive design, with two studies also including a longitudinal design. Data were self-reported (or parent-reported) using various surveys and/or interviews. Study findings supported positive associations between youth involvement in home meal preparation and improvement in overall dietary quality, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, greater preference for vegetables, and higher self-efficacy for cooking and choosing healthy foods. Further research is needed to develop efficacious meal preparation interventions involving parents and their children to promote this mealtime behavior with many potential health benefits.

scholarly journals Food Sources of Shortfall Nutrients among Latin Americans: Results from the Latin American Study of Health and Nutrition (ELANS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4967
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Barco Leme ◽  
Regina Mara Fisberg ◽  
Aline Veroneze de Mello ◽  
Cristiane Hermes Sales ◽  
Gerson Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Dietary Folate ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Calcium Iron

Increased consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods can lead to inadequate intakes of shortfall nutrients, including vitamin A, D, C, and E, dietary folate, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and fiber. The objective was to examine the prevalence of inadequate intake of shortfall nutrients and identify food sources of shortfall nutrients in eight Latin American countries. Data from ELANS, a multi-country, population-based study of 9218 adolescents and adults were used. Dietary intake was collected through two 24 h Recalls from participants living in urban areas of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Foods and beverages were classified using the adapted version of the NHANES “What We Eat in America” system. Nutrients inadequacy was estimated using the Institute of Medicine recommendations and descriptive statistics were calculated. Prevalence of inadequacy was above 50% for most of the nutrients, which the exception of vitamin C with a prevalence of inadequacy of 39%. Milk, cheese, seafoods, breads, and fruit juices/drinks were among the top 5 sources for each of the 10 shortfall nutrients examined. Many food categories were top contributors to more than one dietary component examined. Understanding the nutrient intake and food sources can help inform dietary guidance and intervention approaches.

Taxpayers' Attitudes towards Tax Evasion in Latin American Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 1368-1401
Author(s):  
Müslüm Basılgan ◽  
Bryan Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Consumption Taxes ◽  
Latin American Countries

The weight of the state in economic and social life is very important even if it might differ from country to country. The state provides particular public services and needs to the various funding sources to provide these services. Taxes constitute the largest share of financial sources needed by the state to operate effectively. However, taxes are often not welcomed by taxpayers, creating the unwanted behavior of tax evasion. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal the tax structures of Latin American countries and to examine tax morale as an important determinant in shaping the attitudes of taxpayers in Latin America. This chapter shows the most important component of tax revenues in Latin American countries constitutes consumption taxes instead of income taxes, in contrast to developed regions such as those in OECD countries. It shows the tax structure in Latin American countries reflects the typical tax structure in developing countries. It is also observed that average tax morale is higher in South American countries, such as Venezuela, Paraguay, and Argentina, than in other areas, although it has a changing property over time. Moreover, the chapter shows tax morale is associated with financial indicators (satisfaction with income, the present economic situation, income distribution, and the functioning of the market economy), policy indicators (satisfaction with democracy, confidence with government), and demographic indicators (age, education).

scholarly journals Energy intake and food sources of eight Latin American countries: results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 2535-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kovalskys ◽  
Mauro Fisberg ◽  
Georgina Gómez ◽  
Rossina G Pareja ◽  
Martha C Yépez García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
American Study ◽  
Latin American Study ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Sugary Drinks

AbstractObjectiveFew previous studies in Latin America (LA) have provided data on dietary intake composition with a standardized methodology. The present study aimed to characterize energy intake (EI) and to describe the main food sources of energy in representative samples of the urban population from eight LA countries from the Latin American Study in Nutrition and Health (ELANS).DesignCross-sectional study. Usual dietary intake was assessed with two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls.SettingUrban areas from eight countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela), September 2014 to July 2015.SubjectsAdolescents and adults aged 15–65 years. Final sample comprised 9218 individuals, of whom 6648 (72·1 %) were considered plausible reporters.ResultsOverall, mean EI was 8196 kJ/d (1959 kcal/d), with a balanced distribution of macronutrients (54 % carbohydrate, 30 % fat, 16 % protein). Main food sources of energy were grains, pasta and bread (28 %), followed by meat and eggs (19 %), oils and fats (10 %), non-alcoholic homemade beverages (6 %) and ready-to-drink beverages (6 %). More than 25 % of EI was provided from food sources rich in sugar and fat, like sugary drinks, pastries, chips and candies. Meanwhile, only 18 % of EI was from food sources rich in fibre and micronutrients, such as whole grains, roots, fruits, vegetables, beans, fish and nuts. No critical differences were observed by gender or age.ConclusionsPublic health efforts oriented to diminish consumption of refined carbohydrates, meats, oils and sugar and to increase nutrient dense-foods are a priority in the region to drive to a healthier diet.

scholarly journals Labor Informality and Economic Political Accountability of Executive Incumbents in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Julán Acevedo-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Political Accountability ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Noisy Signals ◽  
Latin American Countries

Many governments across Latin America have been unable to reduce stubbornly high levels of labor informality and the lack of legal and social protection put informal workers in a situation of continuous economic peril and uncertainty. This paper argues that the inherent characteristics and conditions of informal workers act as noisy signals that diminish the effect that economic perceptions have on evaluations of the incumbent executive across Latin American countries. The empirical results support the argument, suggesting that the effect of perceptions of the economy on evaluations of the incumbent is lower among informal relative to formal workers. Furthermore, this dynamic is prevalent in urban areas where there is a more evident differentiation between formal and informal workers, and disappears in rural areas, where both formal and informal workers face challenges that produce noisy signals and diminish the effect of perceptions of the economy on evaluations of the incumbent.

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