scholarly journals Examining Sociodemographic Disparities in Household Purchases of Fruit Drinks with Policy-Relevant Nutrition Claims

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 551-551
Author(s):  
Emily Duffy ◽  
Shu Wen Ng ◽  
Marissa Hall ◽  
Maxime Bercholz ◽  
Natalia Rebolledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
High Income ◽  
Food Label ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Nutrition Claims ◽  
Sociodemographic Disparities ◽  
Low Educated

Abstract Objectives Fruit drinks are a top source of added sugars among US children and carry misleading nutrition claims. Disparities exist in food label use and fruit drink (FD) consumption. We aimed to describe household (HH) demographic characteristics associated with purchase of 1) any FDs and 2) FDs with specific nutrition claims among HH with children 0–5 y. Methods We merged HH monthly-level FD purchasing data from 2017 Nielsen Homescan (n 60,712) with product-level nutrition claims data. For our first aim, we examined differences in predicted probabilities of purchasing any FDs by HH race/ethnicity, income, and education. In aim 2, to account for observed differences in likelihood of purchasing any FDs by demographic characteristics, we constructed inverse probability (IP) weights based on each HH's likelihood of purchasing any FD. We then used IP weighted multivariable logistic regression models to examine differences in predicted probabilities of purchasing FDs with specific claims by demographic characteristics, holding the likelihood of purchasing any FDs constant. We used the Holm method to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results One in three HH with young children purchased any FDs. Non-Hispanic (NH) Black (52%), Hispanic (36%), low-income (39%), and low-educated HH (41%) were more likely to purchase any FDs than NH white (31%), high income (26%) and high educated HH (30%) (all p < 0.001). In IP weighted analyses, NH Black HH were more likely to purchase FDs with “Natural” and fruit claims (6.9% and 3.7%) than NH white HH (4.5% and 2.8%) (both p < 0.01). Low and middle income (15.0% and 13.8%) and low and middle educated HH (15.5% and 14.5%) were more likely to purchase FDs with “100% Vitamin C” claims than high income and high educated HH (10.8% and 12.9%) (all p < 0.025). Low educated HH were less likely to purchase FDs with a “Natural” claim (3.9%) than high educated HH (5.2%) (p = 0.002). Conclusions There are sociodemographic disparities in FD purchases and FD purchases with claims among HH with young children in the US, with low income, low education, and NH Black HH being more at risk. Experimental studies are needed to determine if nutrition claims may be contributing to observed disparities in FD consumption. Funding Sources Healthy Eating Research National Institutes of Health.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Foods/Beverages and Nutrients Consumed by U.S. Adolescents When Snacking: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2530
Author(s):  
Navika Gangrade ◽  
Janet Figueroa ◽  
Tashara M. Leak
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Income Ratio

Snacking contributes a significant portion of adolescents’ daily energy intake and is associated with poor overall diet and increased body mass index. Adolescents from low socioeconomic status (SES) households have poorer snacking behaviors than their higher-SES counterparts. However, it is unclear if the types of food/beverages and nutrients consumed during snacking differ by SES among adolescents. Therefore, this study examines SES disparities in the aforementioned snacking characteristics by analyzing the data of 7132 adolescents (12–19 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018. Results reveal that adolescents from low-income households (poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) ≤ 1.3) have lower odds of consuming the food/beverage categories “Milk and Dairy” (aOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.95; p = 0.007) and “Fruits” (aOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50–0.78; p = 0.001) as snacks and higher odds of consuming “Beverages” (aOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.19-1.76; p = 0.001) compared to those from high-income households (PIR > 3.5). Additionally, adolescents from low- and middle-income (PIR > 1.3–3.5) households consume more added sugar (7.98 and 7.78 g vs. 6.66 g; p = 0.012, p = 0.026) and less fiber (0.78 and 0.77 g vs. 0.84 g; p = 0.044, p = 0.019) from snacks compared to their high-income counterparts. Future research is necessary to understand factors that influence snacking among adolescents, and interventions are needed, especially for adolescents from low-SES communities.

scholarly journals Pediatric neurosurgical workforce, access to care, equipment and training needs worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Ronnie E. Baticulon ◽  
Abbas Rattani ◽  
James M. Johnston ◽  
Benjamin C. Warf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
And Training

OBJECTIVEThe presence and capability of existing pediatric neurosurgical care worldwide is unknown. The objective of this study was to solicit the expertise of specialists to quantify the geographic representation of pediatric neurosurgeons, access to specialist care, and equipment and training needs globally.METHODSA mixed-question survey was sent to surgeon members of several international neurosurgical and general pediatric surgical societies via a web-based platform. Respondents answered questions on 5 categories: surgeon demographics and training, hospital and practice details, surgical workforce and access to neurosurgical care, training and equipment needs, and desire for international collaboration. Responses were anonymized and analyzed using Stata software.RESULTSA total of 459 surgeons from 76 countries responded. Pediatric neurosurgeons in high-income and upper-middle-income countries underwent formal pediatric training at a greater rate than surgeons in low- and lower-middle-income countries (89.5% vs 54.4%). There are an estimated 2297 pediatric neurosurgeons in practice globally, with 85.6% operating in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, roughly 330 pediatric neurosurgeons care for a total child population of 1.2 billion. In low-income countries in Africa, the density of pediatric neurosurgeons is roughly 1 per 30 million children. A higher proportion of patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries must travel > 2 hours to seek emergency neurosurgical care, relative to high-income countries (75.6% vs 33.6%, p < 0.001). Vast basic and essential training and equipment needs exist, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries within Africa, South America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Eighty-nine percent of respondents demonstrated an interest in international collaboration for the purposes of pediatric neurosurgical capacity building.CONCLUSIONSWide disparity in the access to pediatric neurosurgical care exists globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, wherein there exists the greatest burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease, there is a grossly insufficient presence of capable providers and equipped facilities. Neurosurgeons across income groups and geographic regions share a desire for collaboration and partnership.

scholarly journals Assessing the Equity and Redistributive Effects of Taxation Reforms in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C. Edeh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Income ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Variable Part ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Redistributive Effects ◽  
Income Taxpayers

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty and inequality reduction through redistribution have indeed become critical concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Although redistribution results from the effect of tax revenue collections, micro household-level empirical analyses of the distributional effect of personal income tax (PIT) and value added tax (VAT) reforms in Nigeria have been scarcely carried out. This study for the first time quantitatively assessed both the equity and redistributive effects of PIT and VAT across different reform scenarios in Nigeria. Data used in this study was mainly drawn from the most recent large scale nationally representative Nigeria Living Standard Survey, conducted in 2018/2019. The Kakwani Index was used to calculate and compare the progressivity of PIT and VAT reforms. A simple static micro-simulation model was employed in assessing the redistributive effect of PIT and VAT reforms in the country. After informality has been accounted for, the PIT was found to be progressive in the pre- 2011 tax scheme, but turned regressive in the post-2011 tax scheme. It was also discovered that the newly introduced lump sum relief allowance in the post-2011 PIT scheme accrues more to the high-income than to the low-income taxpayers – confirming the regressivity of the current PIT scheme. However, the study further shows (through counterfactual simulations) that excluding the relatively high-income taxpayers from sharing in the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance makes PIT progressive in the post-2011 scheme. The VAT was uncovered to be regressive both in the pre-2020 scheme, and in the current VAT reform scheme. Further, after putting informality into consideration, the PIT was found to marginally reduce inequality but increase poverty in the pre-2011 scheme. The post-2011 PIT scheme reduced inequality and increased poverty, but by a smaller proportion – confirming a limited redistribution mainly resulting from the concentration of the lump sum relief allowance at the top of the distribution. However, if the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance is provided for ‘only’ the low-income taxpayers below a predefined income threshold, the post-2011 PIT scheme becomes largely redistributive. VAT was uncovered to marginally increase inequality and poverty in the pre-2020 scheme. Though the current VAT scheme slightly increased inequality, it considerably increased poverty in the country. It is therefore suggested that a better tax reform, with well-regulated relief allowance and differentiated VAT rates, will help to enhance the equity and redistribution capacity of the Nigeria tax system.

scholarly journals The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study

The Lancet ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 390 (10113) ◽  
pp. 2643-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A Lear ◽  
Weihong Hu ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
Danijela Gasevic ◽  
Darryl Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income

Globalization and Environment: An Asian Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Granger Causality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries

This paper explores the causal association between globalization and carbon dioxide emanations in a panel set of 17 low- and low-middle-income countries and 12 upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia, respectively. The time series of observations run from 1974 to 2014. The Westerlund (2007) panel cointegration test reveals that there exists a long-run cointegrating relationship in both the panel set of observations between globalization and CO2 emissions. For the panel of upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia the long-run panel (heterogeneous elasticities) shows that globalization does not cause environmental damage, contrary to the observation based on lower- and lower-middle-income countries. The study is in conformity with the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. The Granger causality between the variables is explored by utilizing the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) Granger Causality tests. The empirical observation shows that globalization-led environmental causality is valid for lower- and lower-middle-income countries of Asia. So proper sustainable green and clean technology must be adopted for the low-income countries to stop the negation of the growth process in the near future.

scholarly journals Orthopaedic research in low-income countries: A bibliometric analysis of the current literature

SICOT-J ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Simon Matthew Graham ◽  
Ciaran Brennan ◽  
Maritz Laubscher ◽  
Sithombo Maqungo ◽  
David G. Lalloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Orthopaedic Research ◽  
Level I

Background: To perform a bibliometric analysis and quantify the amount of orthopaedic and trauma literature published from low-income countries (LICs). Methods and methods: The Web of Science database was utilised to identify all indexed orthopaedic journals. All articles published in the 76 orthopaedics journals over the last 10 years were reviewed, to determine their geographic origin. Results: A total of 131 454 articles were published across 76 orthopaedic journals over the last 10 years. Of these, 132 (0.1%) were published from LICs and 3515 (2.7%) were published from lower middle-income countries (LMICs); 85.7% (n = 112 716) of published orthopaedic research was undertaken in a high-income setting. The majority of the studies (n = 90, 74.4%) presented level IV evidence. Only 7.4% (n = 9) were high-quality evidence (level I or II). Additionally, the majority of research (74 articles, 56%) was published in partnership with high-income countries (HICs). Conclusions: There is a stark mismatch between the publication of scientific reports on orthopaedic research and the geographical areas of greatest clinical need. We believe there is an urgent need for orthopaedic research to be carried out in low-income settings to guide treatment and improve outcomes, rather than assuming that evidence from high-income settings will translate into this environment. Level of evidence: IV

scholarly journals Pregnancy and fertility-related adverse outcomes associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiming Tang ◽  
Jessica Mao ◽  
Katherine T Li ◽  
Jennifer S Walker ◽  
Roger Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Control ◽  
High Income ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

BackgroundGenital chlamydia infection in women is often asymptomatic, but may result in adverse outcomes before and during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength of the relationships between chlamydia infection and different reproductive health outcomes and to assess the certainty of the evidence.MethodsThis review was registered and followed the Cochrane guidelines. We searched three databases to quantitatively examine adverse outcomes associated with chlamydia infection. We included pregnancy and fertility-related outcomes. We performed meta-analyses on different study designs for various adverse outcomes using unadjusted and adjusted analyses.ResultsWe identified 4730 unique citations and included 107 studies reporting 12 pregnancy and fertility-related outcomes. Sixty-eight studies were conducted in high-income countries, 37 studies were conducted in low-income or middle-income countries, and 2 studies were conducted in both high-income and low-income countries. Chlamydia infection was positively associated with almost all of the 12 included pregnancy and fertility-related adverse outcomes in unadjusted analyses, including stillbirth (OR=5.05, 95% CI 2.95 to 8.65 for case–control studies and risk ratio=1.28, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.51 for cohort studies) and spontaneous abortion (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.49 for case–control studies and risk ratio=1.47, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.85 for cohort studies). However, there were biases in the design and conduct of individual studies, affecting the certainty of the overall body of evidence. The risk of adverse outcomes associated with chlamydia is higher in low-income and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries.ConclusionChlamydia is associated with an increased risk of several pregnancy and fertility-related adverse outcomes in unadjusted analyses, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Further research on how to prevent the sequelae of chlamydia in pregnant women is needed.Trial registration numberCRD42017056818.

The Consumer Economics of Unit Pricing

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans R. Isakson ◽  
Alex R. Maurizi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Consumer Economics ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Unit Pricing ◽  
Labeling System

The introduction of unit pricing in food stores makes it easier for shoppers to choose cheaper items. Low-income shoppers, however, do not appear to make significant use of unit pricing in contrast to the middle-income and high-income shoppers who do. The explanation could lie in their lower ability to understand the unit price labeling system making it difficult to capture the benefits of its use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document