scholarly journals Decreasing the Dietary Ratio of Linoleic Acid (n-6) and Alpha-linolenic Acid (n-3) Does Not Reduce Adiposity or Mitigate Bone Deterioration of Obese Mice (P08-096-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Cao ◽  
Kim Michelsen ◽  
Brian Gregoire ◽  
Matthew Picklo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Bone Resorption Marker ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether the ratio of n-6: n-3 mainly as linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), when ALA was kept constant, affects adiposity or adiposity-induced changes in bone structure in mice fed a high-fat diet. Since LA is a precursor for arachidonic acid which is the substrate for certain proinflammatory eicosanoids, n-6 fatty acids have been considered to promote inflammation, whereas n-3 fatty acids are considered to have anti-inflammatory properties. Studies show adiposity and inflammation are inversely associated bone mass. Therefore, we hypothesized that decreasing dietary LA content (n-6: n-3 ratio) mitigates high-fat diet (HF) induced adiposity and bone loss. Methods Fifty-two male C57BL/6 mice at 6-wk-old were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (n = 13/group) and fed one of the diets as described in the Table below ad libitum for 6 months: a normal-fat diet (NF, 10%en) with n-6 at 6%en or HF diets (45%en) with n-6 at either 9%, 6%, or 3%en, respectively. ALA content in the diets was kept the same for all groups at 1%en, which is above the minimum requirement (0.68%en) for rodents. Diets were formulated with a combination of high oleic sunflower oil, palm oil, safflower oil and flaxseed oil to achieve desired levels of fatty acids. Results Compared to the NF, the HF increased fat mass, percentage body fat, trabecular separation, serum bone resorption marker (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), and decreased bone volume/total volume (P < 0.05). The ratio of n-6: n-3 did not significantly affect fat mass, serum bone resorption marker, or any bone structural parameters. Conclusions These data indicate that decreasing the dietary n-6: n-3 ratio by reducing LA intake does not reduce adiposity or improve bone structure in obese mice. Funding Sources USDA ARS Project no. 3062-51000-053-00D. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Increasing Dietary Fish Oil Reduces Adiposity and Mitigates Bone Deterioration in Growing C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay J Cao ◽  
Brian R Gregoire ◽  
Kim G Michelsen ◽  
Matthew J Picklo
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT Background Intake of total fat is linked to obesity and inversely associated with bone density in humans. Epidemiologic and animal studies show that long-chain n–3 (ω-3) PUFAs supplied as fish oil (FO) are beneficial to skeletal health. Objective This study tested the hypothesis that increasing dietary FO would decrease adiposity and improve bone-related outcomes in growing obese mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 6 treatment groups and fed either a normal-fat diet (3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) or a high-fat diet (HF; 4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) containing either 0%, 3%, or 9% energy as FO (0FO, 3FO, and 9FO, respectively) ad libitum for 6 mo. Bone structure, body composition, and serum bone-related cytokines were measured. Results The HF diet increased the expression of the adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa) and serum concentrations of leptin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and decreased serum concentrations of osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (P &lt; 0.05). FO decreased fat mass (P &lt; 0.05), serum TRAP (P &lt; 0.05), and adipose tissue Tnfa expression (P &lt; 0.01). Bone content of long-chain n–3 PUFAs was increased and n–6 PUFAs were decreased with the elevation in dietary FO content (P &lt; 0.01). Compared with mice fed 9FO, animals fed 3FO had higher femoral bone volume/total volume (25%), trabecular number (23%), connectivity density (82%), and bone mass of second lumbar vertebrae (12%) and lower femoral trabecular separation (−19%). Mice fed the 3FO HF diet had 42% higher bone mass than those fed the 0FO HF diet. Conclusions These data indicate increasing dietary FO ≤3% energy can decrease adiposity and mitigate HF diet–induced bone deterioration in growing C57BL/6 mice possibly by reducing inflammation and bone resorption. FO at 9% diet energy had no further beneficial effects on bone of obese mice.

scholarly journals Poultry meat production as a functional food with a voluntary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schneideroá ◽  
J. Zelenka ◽  
E. Mrkvicová
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid

We studied the effect of different levels of linseed oils made either of the flax cultivar Atalante with a high content of &alpha;-linolenic acid (612 g/kg) or of the cultivar Lola with a predominating content of linoleic acid (708 g/kg) in a chicken diet upon the fatty acid pattern in meat. Cockerels Ross 308 were fed the diets containing 1, 3, 5 or 7 per cent of oil in the last 15 days of fattening. Breast meat (BM) and thigh meat (TM) without skin of 8 chickens from each dietary group were used for analyses. The relative proportions of fatty acids were expressed as percentages of total determined fatty acids. When feeding Atalante oil, the proportions of n-6 fatty acids were highly significantly lower while those of n-3 fatty acids were higher; the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat was narrower (<i>P</i> < 0.001) than in chickens fed oil with a low content of &alpha;-linolenic acid. In BM and TM, the relative proportions of &alpha;-linolenic and &gamma;-linolenic acids were nearly the same, the proportion of linoleic acid in BM was lower, and the proportions of the other polyunsaturated fatty acids in BM were higher than in TM. In BM, the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.001) more favourable than that found in TM. The relative proportions of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in meat decreased and those of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in dependence on the increasing level of dietary oils. When feeding Atalante oil, a significant increase in the proportion of linoleic acid in BM but not in TM was observed. The proportions of the other n-6 fatty acids decreased and those of all determined n-3 fatty acids, with the exception of docosahexaenoic acid, significantly increased with the increasing level of oil in the diet. When feeding Lola oil, its increasing content in the diet increased the relative proportion of linoleic acid as well as its elongation to &gamma;-linolenic acid; however, the proportions of arachidonic and adrenic acid did not change significantly (<i>P</i> > 0.05). The proportion of &alpha;-linolenic acid increased in both BM and TM. The proportion of eicosapentaenoic and clupanodonic acids in BM significantly decreased. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.9 to 13.6 and from 1.0 to 17.2 in BM and TM, respectively. An increase in the level of Lola oil in the diet by 1% caused that the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio extended by 1.00 and 1.19 units in BM and TM, respectively. Dependences of n-6/n-3 ratio on the level of Atalante oil were expressed by equations of convex parabolas with minima at the level of oil 5.8 and 5.9% for BM and TM, respectively. By means of the inclusion of linseed oil with a high content of &alpha;-linolenic acid in the feed mixture it would be possible to produce poultry meat as a functional food with a very narrow ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals Chronic inflammation aggravates metabolic disorders of hepatic fatty acids in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Shan Zhong ◽  
Haiyang Qu ◽  
Yunxia Xie ◽  
Zhennan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat

Milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed Lac100® or whole flaxseed

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Cavalieri ◽  
G. T. Santos ◽  
M. Matsushita ◽  
H. V. Petit ◽  
L. P. Rigolon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Calcium Salts

Cows were fed whole flaxseed or calcium salts of soybean oil as a fat source. Cows fed flaxseed had lower (P < 0.01) milk yield and higher (P < 0.01) percentages of fat and protein than cows fed calcium salts. Feeding whole flaxseed and calcium salts of soybean oil increased, respectively, the concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Key words: Flaxseed, fatty acids, fat supplement

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1763-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutake Tomata ◽  
Susanna C. Larsson ◽  
Sara Hägg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid

Abstract Purpose Observational studies have suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may decrease Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. In the present study, we examined this hypothesis using a Mendelian randomization analysis. Methods We used summary statistics data for single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma levels of n-6 PUFAs (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) and n-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid), and the corresponding data for AD from a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 63,926 individuals (21,982 diagnosed AD cases, 41,944 controls). Results None of the genetically predicted PUFAs was significantly associated with AD risk; odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per 1 SD increase in PUFA levels were 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) for linoleic acid, 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) for arachidonic acid, 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) for alpha-linolenic acid, 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) for eicosapentaenoic acid, 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) for docosapentaenoic acid, and 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) for docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions This study did not support the hypothesis that PUFAs decrease AD risk.

scholarly journals EPA/DHA Concentrate by Urea Complexation Decreases Hyperinsulinemia and Increases Plin5 in the Liver of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 3289
Author(s):  
Alejandra Espinosa ◽  
Andrés Ross ◽  
Gretel Dovale-Rosabal ◽  
Francisco Pino-de la Fuente ◽  
Ernesto Uribe-Oporto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil Supplementation

Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) reduces insulin resistance and hepatic manifestations through the regulation of metabolism in the liver. Obese mice present insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). LD-associated proteins perilipin (Plin) have an essential role in both adipogenesis and lipolysis; Plin5 regulates lipolysis and thus contributes to fat oxidation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of deodorized refined salmon oil (DSO) and its polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate (CPUFA) containing EPA and DHA, obtained by complexing with urea, on obesity-induced metabolic alteration. CPUFA maximum content was determined using the Box–Behnken experimental design based on Surface Response Methodology. The optimized CPUFA was administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (200 mg/kg/day of EPA + DHA) for 8 weeks. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in cholesterol, glycemia, LDs or transaminase content were found. Fasting insulin and hepatic Plin5 protein level increased in the group supplemented with the EPA + DHA optimized product (38.35 g/100 g total fatty acids) compared to obese mice without fish oil supplementation. The results suggest that processing salmon oil by urea concentration can generate an EPA+DHA dose useful to prevent the increase of fasting insulin and the decrease of Plin5 in the liver of insulin-resistant mice.

scholarly journals Dietary Alpha-Linolenic Acid Supports High Retinal DHA Levels

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Sinclair ◽  
Xiao-Fei Guo ◽  
Lavinia Abedin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Diet Fatty Acids

The retina requires docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for optimal function. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA are dietary sources of retinal DHA. This research investigated optimizing retinal DHA using dietary ALA. Previous research identified 19% DHA in retinal phospholipids was associated with optimal retinal function in guinea pigs. Pregnant guinea pigs were fed dietary ALA from 2.8% to 17.3% of diet fatty acids, at a constant level of linoleic acid (LA) of 18% for the last one third of gestation and retinal DHA levels were assessed in 3-week-old offspring maintained on the same diets as their mothers. Retinal DHA increased in a linear fashion with the maximum on the diet with LA:ALA of 1:1. Feeding diets with LA:ALA of 1:1 during pregnancy and assessing retinal DHA in 3-week-old offspring was associated with optimized retinal DHA levels. We speculate that the current intakes of ALA in human diets, especially in relation to LA intakes, are inadequate to support high DHA levels in the retina.

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