scholarly journals Two Sources of Maternal Iodine Intake and Their Effect on Maternal and Infant Iodine Status and Thyroid Function and Infant Information Processing in Southern Ethiopia (P11-007-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafere Gebreegziabher ◽  
Barbara Stoecker
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the effects of two sources of iodine supplementation on maternal and infant thyroid function and on visual information processing (VIP) of infants in southern Ethiopia Methods A community-based, randomized, supplementation trial was conducted. Mother infant dyads (n = 106) were recruited within the first week after delivery to participate in this study. Mothers were randomly assigned either to receive a potassium iodide capsule (225 µg iodine) daily for 26 weeks or appropriately iodized salt weekly for 26 weeks for household consumption. Maternal thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) and infant T4, TSH, UIC and VIP were measured as outcome variables. Results At baseline, neither mothers nor infants in the two groups (capsule and iodized salt groups) were significantly different in any of the biomarkers and anthropometry measurements. Maternal TSH and goiter rate significantly decreased following iodine supplementation but T3, T4 and Tg didn't change. Maternal UIC and BMIC and infant UIC were not different among groups. Conclusions A maternal dose of 225 µg iodine daily or adequately iodized salt initiated within a week after delivery decreased goiter and TSH but did not impact infant T4, TSH or VIP. The two treatment groups didn't differ in any of the outcome variables. Funding Sources The study was funded by Nestlé Foundation and Oklahoma State University.

scholarly journals TSH Mediated the Effect of Iodized Salt on Child Cognition in a Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863882110253
Author(s):  
Husein Mohammed ◽  
Grace S Marquis ◽  
Frances Aboud ◽  
Karim Bougma ◽  
Aregash Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Child Cognition ◽  
Iodine Level

Objectives: This study examines the hormonal mediators of the effect of iodized salt in pregnancy on child cognition. Methods: Sixty districts across 6 zones in the Amhara region of Ethiopia were randomly allocated to a control or intervention arm of early market access to iodized salt. Twenty-two villages per arm were randomly selected for this sub-study. A total of 1220 pregnant women who conceived after the intervention began were enrolled and assessed for their iodine and iron status. Data were collected once on the household socio-demographic status and iodized salt use, and maternal urinary iodine during pregnancy. Then, infants’ diet, urinary iodine level, cognitive development (Bayley III), serum hormonal levels, iron status, and inflammation markers were measured between 2 and 13 months of age. Results: The median maternal urinary iodine concentration was adequate and significantly higher in the intervention mothers than that of the controls (163 vs 121 µg/L, P < .0001). Intervention children compared to the control children had lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (mean: 2.4 ± 1.0 µIU/mL vs 2.7 ± 1.0 µIU/mL, effect size = 0.18, P < .01) and thyroglobulin (Tg) (41.6 ± 1.0 ng/mL vs 45.1 ± 1.0 ng/mL, effect size = 0.14, P < .05). There was an interaction between the intervention and iron stores such that cognition was higher with iron (effect size = 0.28, 100 vs 94 IQ points). TSH was a partial mediator (12%) of the effect of the intervention on child cognition (Sobel z-score = 2.1 ± 0.06, P < .05). Conclusion: TSH partially mediated the effect of the iodized salt intervention on child cognition.

scholarly journals Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3483
Author(s):  
Inger Aakre ◽  
Lidunn Tveito Evensen ◽  
Marian Kjellevold ◽  
Lisbeth Dahl ◽  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Excessive Iodine

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) μg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) μg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Habit, Iodine Supplementation and Smoking Habit on Urinary Iodine Concentration During Pregnancy in a Catalonia Population

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2656
Author(s):  
Maria-Teresa Torres ◽  
Lluis Vila ◽  
Josep-María Manresa ◽  
Roser Casamitjana ◽  
Gemma Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: The nutritional status of women during pregnancy can have a considerable effect on maternal and fetal health, and on the perinatal outcome. Aim: to assess the changes occurring in dietary iodine intake, potassium iodide supplementation, and smoking habit, and the impact of these changes on the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy in a population of women in Catalonia (Spain). (2) Methods: Between 2009–2011, an observational study included a cohort of women whose pregnancies were monitored in the public health system in the Central and North Metropolitan areas of Catalonia. Women received individual educational counseling, a dietary questionnaire was completed, and a urine sample was collected for iodine determination at each trimester visit. (3) Results: 633 (67.9%) women answered the questionnaire at all 3 visits. The percentage of women with a desirable UIC (≥150 μg/L) increased from the first to the second trimester and remained stable in the third (57.3%, 68.9%, 68%; p < 0.001). Analysis of the relationship between UIC≥150 μg/L and the women’s dietary habits showed that the percentage with UIC ≥150 μg/L increased with greater consumption of milk in the first trimester, and the same was true for iodized salt use in all three trimesters and iodine supplementation in all three. (4) Conclusion: During pregnancy, increased intake of milk, iodized salt, and iodine supplements were associated with an increase in the UIC.

scholarly journals Lack of dietary sources of iodine and the prevalence of iodine deficiency in rural women from Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (60) ◽  
pp. 8401-8414
Author(s):  
T Gebreegziabher ◽  
◽  
N Teyike ◽  
A Mulugeta ◽  
Y Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Dairy Consumption

Iodine deficiency has been reported to affect a large number of people in Ethiopia. Although significant progress against iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has been reported worldwide, millions of people remain with insufficient iodine intake. Multiple factors may contribute to iodine deficiency. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate iodine deficiency and dietary intake of iodine. A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess urinary iodine concentration (UIC), goiter and dietary intake of iodine in a sample of 202 non-pregnant women living in three rural communities of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. Urinary iodine concentration was analyzed using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction, goiter was assessed using palpation and dietary source of iodine was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using selected descriptive and analytical statistical measures with SAS software. Mean (SD) age, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and body mass index [BMI -Wt(kg)/(Ht(m))2] were 30.8(7.9) y, 24.8(2.5) cm and 20 (2.2) respectively. Median UIC was 37.2 µg/L. Participants with UIC <20 µg/L, classified as severely iodine deficient were 22.8%; 46.5% had UIC between 20 to <50 µg/L, classified as moderately iodine deficient, and 27.2 % had UIC in the mild deficiency range of 50 to <100 µg/L. Only 3.5% of the women had UIC ≥ 100 μg/L. The total goiter rate was 15.9%, which was 1.5% visible and 14.4% palpable goiter. A majority of the participants consumed Enset (E. ventricosum), corn and kale frequently and meat was consumed rarely. None of the participants reported ever consuming iodized salt or ever having heard about use of iodized salt. Adjacent communities (Alamura, Tullo and Finchawa) showed significant differences in UIC, goiter rate and frequency of fish and dairy consumption. The findings of the present study revealed that iodine status of the population is a significant public health problem. Hence, there is a need to supply iodized salt in order to achieve the goal of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in the community.

scholarly journals Thyroid function and thyroglobulin level in iodine deficient children of eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saroj Kunwar ◽  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Basanta Gelal ◽  
Saroj Thapa ◽  
Gaurishankar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin

Abstract Objective: Both iodine deficiency and excess can negatively impact thyroid function. The present study was conducted to assess iodine nutrition among children and thyroid function in iodine deficient children. Results: A total of 1012 school aged children (6-14 years) from several schools of Udayapur district were enrolled initially for the assessment of urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Blood samples (n=83) were collected from a subgroup of children who had UIC<100 µg/L to measure serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4). Serum UIC was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method and Tg, TSH, fT4 and fT3 were measured by ELISA kits from Diametra Company. The prevalence of insufficient UIC (UIC<100 µg/L) was 11.1% in school children’s of Udayapur district. The median UIC was 236 µg/L. The mean fT3, fT4 and TSH among children with insufficient UIC were 2.55±0.43 pg/mL, 0.96±0.28 ng/dL and 3.60±1.44 mIU/L respectively. The Median Tg was 17.5 ng/mL. Overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was seen in 6% and 3.6% cases with UIC<100 µg/L respectively.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Habit, Iodine Supplementation and Smoking Habit on Urinary Iodine Concentration During Pregnancy in A Catalonia Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Teresa Torres ◽  
Lluis Vila ◽  
Josep Maria Manresa ◽  
Roser Casamitjana ◽  
Gema Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
The Impact

Background: The nutritional status of women during pregnancy can have a considerable effect on maternal and fetal health, and on perinatal outcome. The aim was to assess the changes occurring in dietary iodine intake, KI supplementation, and smoking habit, and the impact of these changes on the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy in a population of women in Catalonia (Spain). Methods: Between 2009-2011 an observational study including a cohort of women whose pregnancy was monitored in the publically-funded health system in a central region of Catalonia. Women received individual educational counseling imparted, a dietary questionnaire was completed, and a urine sample collected for iodine determination at each trimester visit. Results: 633 (67.9%) women answered the questionnaire at all 3 visits. The percentage of women with a desirable UIC (&ge;150&mu;g/L) increased from the first to the second trimester and remained stable in the third (p&lt;0.001). Analysis of the relationship between UIC&ge;150 &mu;g/L and the women&rsquo;s dietary habits showed that the percentage with UIC&ge;150 &mu;g/L increased with greater consumption of milk, fresh vegetables, and fruit in the first trimester, and the same was true for iodized salt use in all three trimesters and iodine supplementation in all three. Conclusion: During pregnancy increased intake of milk, iodized salt, and iodine supplements was associated with an increase in the UIC.

scholarly journals Adequately iodized salt is an important strategy to prevent iodine insufficiency in pregnant women living in Central Java, Indonesia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242575
Author(s):  
Ina Kusrini ◽  
Jessica Farebrother ◽  
Donny Kristanto Mulyantoro
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for cognitive development and growth. Optimal intakes are critical during pregnancy. We report the iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant women living in areas previously affected by severe iodine deficiency and in longstanding iodine sufficient areas in Java, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Magelang, Java, from July to November 2015, in four sub-districts; two previously affected by severe iodine deficiency (area 1) and two that were iodine-sufficient (area 2). Iodine intake was estimated using median urinary iodine concentration in spot samples and mean urinary iodine excretion in 3 x 24-hour samples, thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine) were measured in venous blood samples, and iodine content of household salt samples was estimated by titration. We recruited a total of 244 pregnant women, 123 in area 1 and 121 in area 2. Urinary iodine results suggested adequate habitual iodine intakes in both areas (median urinary iodine concentration in area 1: 222 μg/l (interquartile range 189, 276 μg/l), area 2: 264 μg/l (interquartile range 172, 284 μg/l), however, the risk of inadequate intakes increased with advancing trimester (Odds Ratio = 2.59 (95% CI 1.19–5.67) and 3.85 (95% CI 1.64–9.02) at second and third trimesters, respectively). Estimated prevalence of thyroid function disorders was generally low. Salt was iodized to approximately 40 ppm and foods rich in native iodine did not contribute significantly to dietary intakes. Adequately iodized salt continues to prevent iodine insufficiency in pregnant women living in areas previously affected by severe iodine deficiency in Java, Indonesia. Monitoring and surveillance, particularly in vulnerable groups, should be emphasized to ensure iodine sufficiency prevails.

scholarly journals Mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy: A matter of debate

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 018-026
Author(s):  
Delshad Hossein ◽  
Azizi Fereidoun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency through the world. Nowadays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of irreversible brain damage, intellectual disability, neurologic abnormalities, stunted growth, increased pregnancy loss, infant mortality, impairments in child development and cretinism. The potential effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are debated. Results from animal studies and observational human studies indicate that maternal mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency disturbs thyroid function in pregnancy and it also may affects fetal neurodevelopment. The effect of supplementation of iodine on thyroid function of pregnant women and their newborn, neurodevelopment of infants and cognitive performance of children have been investigated using iodine nutrition in pregnancy, based on median urinary iodine concentration. However they have found conflicting results regarding the benefits or harms of iodine supplementation in pregnancy. Although many epidemiological, interventional and clinical studies have supported the association between thyroid function in pregnant women and later psychomotor and mental development of their children, the effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on neurodevelopment of children is inconclusive. Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be at risk of having iodine deficiency and despite WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF recommendation which believe that dietary iodine fortification during pregnancy depends primarily on the extent of pre-existing iodine deprivation, systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group. However, iodine supplementation of mildly iodine deficient pregnant women may not have beneficial effects in their thyroid function or neurodevelopment of their children.

scholarly journals Urinary iodine as an important indicator for preeclampsia: a Polish perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gajewska ◽  
Marzena Laskowska ◽  
Anna Blazewicz
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of perinatal and maternal morbidity. Although subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is one of the established risk factors for PE, the link between iodine deficiency and PE is not fully understood. The aim of our study was to assess urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels in Polish women with PE (PE group, n=78) compared with healthy non-pregnant women (CNP group, n=30), and healthy pregnant women (CP group, n=46). The UIC was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Both the mean UIC of 144.6±36.4 μg/L in the CP group and the mean of 125.8±33.6 μg/L in the PE group, respectively, were lower compared to non-pregnant women (149.8±28.8 μg/L), and the difference between the PE and CNP groups was statistically significant. TSH values were the highest in the PE group, while the lowest average level was for the CNP group. The fT3 and fT4 values in the PE group were significantly lower compared to the CNP and CP groups. Despite iodine supplementation during pregnancy, the UIC was lower compared to non-pregnant women, while in women with PE it was at a significantly lower level. To reduce the incidence of possible health complications, proper iodine supplementation and monitoring of the UIC is recommended for pregnant women suffering from PE or at risk of developing PE.

scholarly journals High Iodine Deficiency among Pregnant Women in Periurban Ghana: A Hospital-Based Longitudinal Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
David Larbi Simpong ◽  
Yaw Asante Awuku ◽  
Kenneth Kwame Kye-Amoah ◽  
Martin Tangnaa Morna ◽  
Prince Adoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

Background. Iodine deficiency causes maternal hypothyroidism which can lead to growth, cognitive, and psychomotor deficit in neonates, infants, and children. This study examined the iodine status of pregnant women in a periurban setting in Ghana. Methods. This longitudinal study recruited 125 pregnant women by purposeful convenience sampling from the antenatal clinic of the Sefwi Wiawso municipal hospital in Ghana. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was estimated by the ammonium persulfate method at an estimated gestational age (EGA) of 11, 20, and 32 weeks. Demographic information, iodized salt usage, and other clinical information were collected using a questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of iodine deficiency among the pregnant women was 47.2% at EGA 11 and 60.8% at both EGA of 20 and 32, whereas only 0.8% of participants not using iodized salt had iodine sufficiency at EGA 32. 18.4%, 20%, and 24% of participants using iodized salt had iodine sufficiency at EGA 11, 20, and 32, respectively. Conclusion. A high prevalence of iodine deficiency was observed among our study cohort.

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