scholarly journals Cocaine Use, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Among People Living with HIV in the MASH Cohort in Miami (P19-002-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alhanoof Alohaly ◽  
Adriana Campa ◽  
Leslie Seminario ◽  
Marianna Baum
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Objectives HIV infection and cocaine use contribute to oxidative stress; persistent oxidative stress leads to rapid rates of glutathione (GSH) consumption. GSH is an abundant intracellular antioxidant and is synthesized from its precursor amino acids. HIV promotes changes in the components of the antioxidant defense system, resulting in GSH depletion and may cause DNA damage, and is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the aim is to assess oxidative stress, and biomarkers of inflammation in HIV-infected individuals from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort, on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART), with controlled HIV viral load. Methods A cross-sectional study of participants in the MASH cohort in Miami. Participants were consented and blood was collected for C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized glutathione and % of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH: GSSG). Anthropometrics included body fat measured by the bioimpedance analysis machine. Results Mean age was 54.6 ± 6.3 years, 67% were male, and 50% used cocaine, mean BMI was 26.2 ± 3.1, CRP was 7.1 ± 12.4, oxidized glutathione was 34.4 ± 32.4 mmol, and the ratio of GSH: GSSG 4.86 ± 4.7. All participants had undetected viral load and were mainly overweight (70%) with a mean fat% of 28.0 ± 7.1. Cocaine use was strongly related with CRP (r = 401, P = 0.014) and GSH: GSSG (r = −389, P = 0.017) ; BMI was lower with age (r = −0.502, P = 0.024); and fat contain was lower in males (r = −0.474, P = 0.004); males also had significantly higher oxidized glutathione (r = 0.384, P = 0.018); age was inversely correlated with BMI (r = −0.335, P = 0.027). A nutritional supplementation with antioxidants with a longitudinal follow-up of outcomes is in progress. Conclusions Our findings suggest that cocaine use is significantly associated with markers of inflammations and oxidative stress in people living with HIV who are already at risk for these conditions, and interventions with antioxidants and detoxification interventions are important for these participants. Funding Sources National Institute on Drug Abuse.

scholarly journals Intakes of Vitamin a and Zinc and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Newly Diagnosed HIV-positive Participants in the MASH Cohort in Miami (P24-016-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Clayton ◽  
Adriana Campa ◽  
Qingyun Liu ◽  
Sabrina Martinez ◽  
Leslie Seminario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Damage

Abstract Objectives HIV infection is characterized by increased oxidative stress. We examined the association of antioxidant intake with measures of oxidative stress and HIV disease progression in newly diagnosed HIV-infected participants. Methods Cross-sectional study of 52 newly-diagnosed HIV-positive participants in the MASH cohort. Blood was drawn for parameters of oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione % and oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage [8-oxo-dG]) and disease stage (CD4- cell counts; HIV-viral load). Questionnaires on demographics and 24-hour dietary recalls and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were administered. AUDIT scores ≥ 8 was considered hazardous drinking. Dietary intakes of vitamin A and Zinc were calculated. SPSS was used for analyses and Linear Regression Models were estimated. Results Participants were 74% male, 75% Black Non-Hispanic, and 21% Hispanics. Mean age was 42.3 ± SD10.2 years, CD4 count was 506.7 ± SD733.4 cells/µLA cross-sectional and HIV viral load was 3.63 ± SD1.23log10 copies/mL. Dietary intake of vitamin A (β = −0.001, SE = 0.0002, P = 0.044) and zinc (β = −0.0004, SE = 0.0002, P = 0.044) were inversely related with mitochondrial DNA damage (8-oxo-dG), after adjusting for education, race, age, gender, and excessive alcohol use. Oxidized glutathione percentage was directly associated with HIV-viral load (β = 0.81, SE = 0.4, P = 0.037) adjusting for age, gender, AUDIT ≥ 8 and BMI in linear regressions. Conclusions Lower intake of vitamin A and Zinc were associated with higher oxidative stress and higher HIV viral load. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be beneficial immediately after receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection as well as during antiretroviral treatment. Funding Sources Funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Health.

scholarly journals Influence of HLA-B*5701 on 20 year survival rate among patients living with HIV

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255834
Author(s):  
Bogusz Jan Aksak-Wąs ◽  
Miłosz Parczewski ◽  
Anna Urbańska ◽  
Małgorzata Hackiewicz ◽  
Justyna D. Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Baseline Viral Load ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
End Point ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH) remains shorter than that of the general population, despite significant improvement in the recent years. Mortality in HIV-infected individuals may be associated with a higher viral load at of diagnosis, a lower CD4 count, or clinical variables such as sex or route of transmission. This article investigated the role of the HLA-B*5701 varian on mortality among PLWH. Methods Material for the analysis consist of the data of 2,393 patients for whom the HLA-B*57 variant was known. Those patients were followed under the care of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Warsaw (n = 1555) and the Clinic of Acquired Immunodeficiency of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin (n = 838). Factors such as age, gender, date of HIV diagnosis, route of transmission, date of death, baseline HIV viral load and baseline CD4 counts, were collected, and end-point cross-sectional analyses were marked at 60, 120, 180 and 240 month of observation. Results HLA-B*5701 allele was found in 133 (5.5%) analyzed cases. Median age was notably higher for HLA-B*5701 positive patients [32.7 (28.3–41.3) vs. 31.6 (26.8–38.3)years p = 0.02]. HLA-B*5701 was associated with lower baseline viral load [4.21 (3.5–4.8) vs. 4.79 (4.2–5.3)log copies/ml p<0.001] and higher CD4count [448 (294.5–662) vs. 352 (176–514) cells/μl p<0.001]. There were no association between HLA-B*5701 and survival for any given end-point. Higher mortality was associated to male gender, intravenous drug users, lower CD4 count at baseline and higher baseline viral load. Conclusions In our study, the presence of HLA-B*5701 allel was not associated with mortality rate of HIV infected patients, irrespective of being associated with both higher baseline CD4 + cell count and lower baseline HIV viral load.

scholarly journals Predictors of virological failure among people living with HIV receiving first line antiretroviral treatment in Myanmar: retrospective cohort analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Mesic ◽  
Alexander Spina ◽  
Htay Thet Mar ◽  
Phone Thit ◽  
Tom Decroo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
First Line ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Progress toward the global target for 95% virological suppression among those on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is still suboptimal. We describe the viral load (VL) cascade, the incidence of virological failure and associated risk factors among people living with HIV receiving first-line ART in an HIV cohort in Myanmar treated by the Médecins Sans Frontières in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Sports Myanmar. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including adult patients with at least one HIV viral load test result and having received of at least 6 months’ standard first-line ART. The incidence rate of virological failure (HIV viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL) was calculated. Multivariable Cox’s regression was performed to identify risk factors for virological failure. Results We included 25,260 patients with a median age of 33.1 years (interquartile range, IQR 28.0–39.1) and a median observation time of 5.4 years (IQR 3.7–7.9). Virological failure was documented in 3,579 (14.2%) participants, resulting in an overall incidence rate for failure of 2.5 per 100 person-years of follow-up. Among those who had a follow-up viral load result, 1,258 (57.1%) had confirmed virological failure, of which 836 (66.5%) were switched to second-line treatment. An increased hazard for failure was associated with age ≤ 19 years (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 1.51; 95% confidence intervals, CI 1.20–1.89; p < 0.001), baseline tuberculosis (aHR 1.39; 95% CI 1.14–1.49; p < 0.001), a history of low-level viremia (aHR 1.60; 95% CI 1.42–1.81; p < 0.001), or a history of loss-to-follow-up (aHR 1.24; 95% CI 1.41–1.52; p = 0.041) and being on the same regimen (aHR 1.37; 95% CI 1.07–1.76; p < 0.001). Cumulative appointment delay was not significantly associated with failure after controlling for covariates. Conclusions VL monitoring is an important tool to improve programme outcomes, however limited coverage of VL testing and acting on test results hampers its full potential. In our cohort children and adolescents, PLHIV with history of loss-to-follow-up or those with low-viremia are at the highest risk of virological failure and might require more frequent virological monitoring than is currently recommended.

Daily and near-daily cannabis use is associated with HIV viral load suppression in people living with HIV who use cocaine

AIDS Care ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Deepika E. Slawek ◽  
Julia Arnsten ◽  
Nancy Sohler ◽  
Chenshu Zhang ◽  
Robert Grossberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Viral Load Suppression ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals Risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes for people living with HIV: a rapid review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Mellor ◽  
Anne Bast ◽  
Nicholas Jones ◽  
Nia Roberts ◽  
Jose Ordonez-Mena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 T Cell Count

Objective: To assess whether people living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of COVID-19 mortality or adverse outcomes, and whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) influences this risk. Design: Rapid review with meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Methods: We searched databases including Embase, Medline, medRxiv, and Google Scholar up to 26th August 2020 for studies describing COVID-19 outcomes in PLWH and conducted a meta-analysis of higher quality studies. Results: We identified 1,908 studies and included 19 in the review. In a meta-analysis of five studies, PLWH had a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.93, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.59-2.34) compared to people without HIV. Risk of death remained elevated for PLWH in a subgroup analysis of hospitalised cohorts (HR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.05-2.24) and studies of PLWH across all settings (HR 2.08, 95%CI: 1.69-2.56). Eight other studies assessed the association between HIV and COVID-19 outcomes, but provided inconclusive, lower-quality evidence due to potential confounding and selection bias. There were insufficient data on the effect of CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load on COVID-19 outcomes. Eleven studies reported COVID-19 outcomes by ART-regimen. In the two largest studies, tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate (TDF)-based regimens were associated with a lower risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes, although these analyses are susceptible to confounding by comorbidities. Conclusion: Evidence is emerging that suggests a moderately increased risk of COVID-19 mortality amongst PLWH. Further investigation into the relationship between COVID-19 outcomes and CD4+ T cell count, HIV viral load, ART and the use of TDF is warranted.

scholarly journals Thrombocytopenia according to Antiretroviral Drug Combinations, Viremia and CD4 Lymphocytes among HIV-Infected Patients in Cameroon A Snapshot from the City of Yaoundé

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Durand NKA ◽  
Samuel Martin Sosso ◽  
Joseph Fokam ◽  
Bouba Yagai ◽  
Georges Teto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Antiretroviral Drug ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Thrombocytopenia is an abnormal decrease in blood platelets, which can affect the prognosis of people living with HIV (PLHIV). In order to limit the occurrence of this haematological disorder, we evaluated the frequency of thrombocytopenia according to antiretroviral drug combinations, viremia and the immune status of PLHIV. Methods A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted from June-November 2016 among 310 PLHIV at the “Chantal BIYA” International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon. Thrombocytopenia was assessed by blood count on Mindray BC 3000 plus, then categorized as mild (50,000-149,999 platelets/μL), moderate (20,000-49,999) and severe <20,000; HIV-1 viremia was measured by Abbott m2000RT and CD4 by BD Facs Calibur; treatment history was retrieved from medical records. Data were analysed using Graph Pad Prism.6, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Median age was 40 [IQR: 33-49] years with, and 60.9% of participants being female. Up to 79.0% (245) were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART); 54.5% had CD4 counts <500 cells/mm3 and 25.4% had viremia >3log10 RNA/ml. Overall rate of thrombocytopenia was 19.0% (59/310), with 17.4% (54/310) mild, 1.6% (5/310) moderate and 0.0% severe. Following ART-exposure, rate of thrombocytopenia was 64.6% (42/65) versus 6.9% (17/245) in naïve versus treated patients respectively, p<0.0001. Following ART regimens, rate of thrombocytopenia was 64.7% (11/17) versus 35.3% (6/17) among AZT-containing versus AZT-sparing regimens, p=0.02. Following viral load ranges, rate of thrombocytopenia was 15.8% (20/130) in those with undetectable viral load, 11.0% (12/101) with viral loads 1.60-3.0 log10 RNA/ml and 34.1% (27/79) with viral loads >3 log10 RNA/ml (p=0.03; r=-0.12). As concerns CD4-count, rate of thrombocytopenia was 16.2% (42/259) in those with ≥200 CD4/mm3 versus 33.3% (17/51) with <200 CD4/mm3 (p=0.0003; r=0.21). After adjusting for age, sex, ART, viral load and CD4, only ART exposure was significantly associated with decreased risk of thrombopenia (p<0.0001). Conclusions Thrombocytopenia occurs generally at mild-level among PLHIV in Cameroon, especially among ART-naïve, AZT-treated, high viremia and severe immune-compromised patients. Interestingly, ART coverage appears as an independent factor in preventing the occurrence of thrombocytopenia, especially for AZT-sparing treatment combinations in countries with similar features like Cameroon.

scholarly journals Performance of a Novel Low-Cost, Instrument-Free Plasma Separation Device for HIV Viral Load Quantification and Determination of Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV in Malaysia: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh D. Pham ◽  
Berhan A. Haile ◽  
Iskandar Azwa ◽  
Adeeba Kamarulzaman ◽  
Nishaan Raman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Fresh Plasma ◽  
Living With Hiv

ABSTRACT HIV viral load (VL) testing is the recommended method for monitoring the response of people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The availability of standard plasma VL testing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and access to this testing, are limited by the need to use fresh plasma. Good specimen collection methods for HIV VL testing that are applicable to resource-constrained settings are needed. We assessed the diagnostic performance of the filtered dried plasma spot (FDPS), created using the newly developed, instrument-free VLPlasma device, in identifying treatment failure at a VL threshold of 1,000 copies/ml in fresh plasma. Performance was compared with that of the conventional dried blood spot (DBS). Venous blood samples from 201 people living with HIV and attending an infectious disease clinic in Malaysia were collected, and HIV VL was quantified using fresh plasma (the reference standard), FDPS, and DBS specimens. VL testing was done using the Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan v2.0 assay. At a threshold of 1,000 copies/ml, the diagnostic performance of the FDPS was superior (sensitivity, 100% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 89.1 to 100%]; specificity, 100% [95% CI, 97.8 to 100%]) to that of the DBS (sensitivity, 100% [95% CI, 89.4 to 100%]; specificity, 36.8% [95% CI, 29.4 to 44.7%]) (P < 0.001). A stronger correlation was observed between the FDPS VL and the plasma VL (r = 0.94; P < 0.001) than between the DBS VL and the plasma VL (r = 0.85; P < 0.001). The mean difference in VL measures between the FDPS and plasma (plasma VL minus FDPS VL) was 0.127 log10 copies/ml (standard deviation [SD], 0.32), in contrast to –0.95 log10 copies/ml (SD, 0.84) between the DBS and plasma. HIV VL measurement using the FDPS outperformed that with the DBS in identifying treatment failure at a threshold of 1,000 copies/ml and compared well with the quantification of VL in plasma. The FDPS can be an attractive alternative to fresh plasma for improving access to HIV VL monitoring among people living with HIV on ART in LMICs.

scholarly journals Determinants of viral load non-suppression among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Kumasi, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
David Ansah ◽  
Emmanuel Kumah ◽  
Vitalis Bawontuo ◽  
Peter Agyei-Baffour ◽  
Emmanuel K Afriyie
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Viral Load Suppression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Comorbidity Status ◽  
Living With Hiv

Objectives: To determine the rate and factors associated with viral load non-suppression among adults living with HIV/AIDS on active anti-retroviral therapy (ART).Design: A retrospective cross-sectional studySetting: Three ART clinics in Kumasi, GhanaParticipants: All HIV-infected adults who were ≥18 years and on active ART for 12 months and whose viral loadnhad been estimated were included.Main outcome measure: Unsuppressed viral load among patients on ARTResults: In all, 483 HIV patients were included in the study, with 369 (76.4%) achieving viral load suppression. Gender, educational level, comorbidity status, and duration on ART were independently associated with viral nonsuppression (p < 0.05).Conclusions: This study has revealed that the rate of viral suppression in the study area is lower than the UNAIDS 90% target. The findings have implications on designing new and stemming up implementation of existing interventions to improve the rate of viral suppression among patients in the study area. It is also necessary that more of such studies are replicated in other parts of the country to identify risk factors for virological failure among patients on ART.

scholarly journals Increased Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis and HIV Viremia among Patients with HIV, HBV, and Tuberculosis in Botswana

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 950
Author(s):  
Bonolo B. Phinius ◽  
Motswedi Anderson ◽  
Lynnette Bhebhe ◽  
Kabo Baruti ◽  
Godiraone Manowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Apri Score ◽  
Living With Hiv

People with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) have an increased risk of hepatotoxic reactions due to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anti-TB therapy (ATT). Concomitant hepatitis B virus (HBV) in these patients may lead to poorer health outcomes. To assess liver enzyme levels and immune response in adults with HIV, HBV, and TB, data from 300 antiretroviral-naïve people living with HIV (PLWHIV) were analyzed. The prevalence of HIV/HBV (cHIV/HBV) and HIV/TB (cHIV/TB) was 28% (95% CI: 23.0–33.4) and 10% (95% CI: 6.8–14.0), respectively. HIV/HBV/TB (cHIV/HBV/TB) prevalence was 5.3% (95% CI: 3.1–8.5). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups of participants in HIV viral load (p = 0.004), hemoglobin levels (p = 0.025), and body mass index (p = 0.011). A larger proportion of cHIV/HBV/TB participants (37.5%) had an aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) score ≥0.5 (p = 0.013), a lower cutoff for significant liver fibrosis. Immunological non-responders (CD4+ T-cell count <20% gain and HIV viral load <400 copies/mL at 6 months) were observed in all groups except those with cHIV/TB. Our findings support the need to screen for infections that could cause excessive liver damage prior to ATT or ART initiation, such as HBV.

scholarly journals Associations of Liver Disease with Alcohol Use among People Living with HIV and the Role of Hepatitis C: The New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tekeda F Ferguson ◽  
Erika Rosen ◽  
Rotonya Carr ◽  
Meghan Brashear ◽  
Liz Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Aim This cross-sectional analysis of the New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV (NOAH) study assesses whether current and lifetime alcohol use in people living with HIV (PLWH) are associated with greater liver disease and how hepatitis C-viral (HCV) co-infection (HIV/HCV+) modifies the association. Methods Alcohol use was measured by Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), a 30-day Timeline Followback calendar, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, and phosphatidylethanol. Liver disease was estimated by alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST platelet ratio-index (APRI), fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-fibrosis score. Associations between alcohol consumption and liver disease were estimated with multivariable logistic regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body-mass index, hepatitis B and HIV viral load. Results Participants (N = 353) were majority male (69%) and black (84%) with a mean age of 48.3 ± 10 years. LDH was significantly associated with advanced liver fibrosis (FIB-4 aOR = 22.22 [1.22–403.72]) only among HIV/HCV+ participants with an LDH of 100–600 kg. HIV/HCV+ participants had a higher prevalence of intermediate and advanced liver disease markers than HIV/HCV− (P &lt; 0.0001). Advanced markers of liver disease were most strongly associated with hazardous drinking (≥40(women)/60(men) grams/day) (APRI aOR = 15.87 (3.22–78.12); FIB-4 aOR = 6.76 (1.81–7.16)) and PEth ≥400 ng/ml (APRI aOR = 17.52 (2.55–120.54); FIB-4 aOR = 17.75 (3.30–95.630). Conclusion Results indicate a greater association of current alcohol use with liver disease than lifetime alcohol use, which varied by HCV status. These findings stress the importance of reducing alcohol use in PLWH to decrease risk of liver disease and fibrosis.

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