scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of World Health Organization 2010 Guidelines for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Zimbabwe

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Ciaranello ◽  
Freddy Perez ◽  
Barbara Engelsmann ◽  
Rochelle P. Walensky ◽  
Angela Mushavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mother To Child

scholarly journals Applying Quality Improvement Approaches to Reduce Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission and Improve Health and Nutrition Care in Five Countries: Lessons from the Partnership for HIV-Free Survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 232595821984745
Author(s):  
Amy F. Stern ◽  
Anisa Ismail ◽  
Esther Karamagi ◽  
Tamara Nsubuga-Nyombi ◽  
Stella Kasindi Mwita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mother To Child

The World Health Organization guidelines for treating pregnant HIV-positive women and preventing HIV transmission to infants now recommend lifelong antiretroviral treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women. We applied quality improvement (QI) methods to support governments and facility staff to address service gaps in 5 countries under the Partnership for HIV-Free Survival (PHFS). We used 3 key strategies: break the complex problem of improving HIV-free survival into more easily implementable phases, support a national management team to oversee the project, and support facility-level staff to learn and apply QI methods to reducing mother-to-child transmission. The key results in each country were increases in data completeness and accuracy, increases in retention in care of mother–baby pairs (MBPs), increase in coverage of MBPs with appropriate services, and reduction in vertical transmission of HIV. The PHFS experience offers a model that other multicountry networks can adopt to improve service delivery and quality of care.

scholarly journals Anomaly Detection in Particulate Matter Sensor Using Hypothesis Pruning Generative Adversarial Network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeong Hyeon Park ◽  
Won Seok Park ◽  
Yeong Beom Kim
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Human Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance

World Health Organization (WHO) provides the guideline for managing the Particulate Matter (PM) level because when the PM level is higher, it threats the human health. For managing PM level, the procedure for measuring PM value is needed firstly. We use Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)-based PM measuring sensors because it shows higher cost-effectiveness than Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)-based sensor. However, TEOM-based sensor has higher probability of malfunctioning than BAM-based sensor. In this paper, we call the overall malfunction as an anomaly, and we aim to detect anomalies for the maintenance of PM measuring sensors. We propose a novel architecture for solving the above aim that named as Hypothesis Pruning Generative Adversarial Network (HP-GAN). We experimentally compare the several anomaly detection architectures to certify ours performing better.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of the national dog rabies prevention and control program in Mexico, 1990–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. e0009130
Author(s):  
Jesús Felipe González-Roldán ◽  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Martin I. Meltzer ◽  
Charisma Atkins ◽  
Fernando Vargas-Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
National Program ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Background Rabies is a viral zoonosis that imposes a substantial disease and economic burden in many developing countries. Dogs are the primary source of rabies transmission; eliminating dog rabies reduces the risk of exposure in humans significantly. Through mass annual dog rabies vaccination campaigns, the national program of rabies control in Mexico progressively reduced rabies cases in dogs and humans since 1990. In 2019, the World Health Organization validated Mexico for eliminating rabies as a public health problem. Using a governmental perspective, we retrospectively assessed the economic costs, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of the national program of rabies control in Mexico, 1990–2015. Methodology Combining various data sources, including administrative records, national statistics, and scientific literature, we retrospectively compared the current scenario of annual dog vaccination campaigns and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with a counterfactual scenario without an annual dog vaccination campaign but including PEP. The counterfactual scenario was estimated using a mathematical model of dog rabies transmission (RabiesEcon). We performed a thorough sensitivity analysis of the main results. Principal findings Results suggest that in 1990 through 2015, the national dog rabies vaccination program in Mexico prevented about 13,000 human rabies deaths, at an incremental cost (MXN 2015) of $4,700 million (USD 300 million). We estimated an average cost of $360,000 (USD 23,000) per human rabies death averted, $6,500 (USD 410) per additional year-of-life, and $3,000 (USD 190) per dog rabies death averted. Results were robust to several counterfactual scenarios, including high and low rabies transmission scenarios and various assumptions about potential costs without mass dog rabies vaccination campaigns. Conclusions Annual dog rabies vaccination campaigns have eliminated the transmission of dog-to-dog rabies and dog-mediated human rabies deaths in Mexico. According to World Health Organization standards, our results show that the national program of rabies control in Mexico has been highly cost-effective.

scholarly journals Infant feeding counseling within Kenyan and Zambian PMTCT services: How well does it promote good feeding practices?

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Provider Attitudes ◽  
Hiv Positive Mothers ◽  
Nondirective Counseling ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mother To Child

Infant feeding counseling is an important intervention for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. More than one-third of HIV transmission to infants occurs through breastfeeding, and up to 20 percent of infants born to HIV-infected mothers acquire the virus from breast milk in countries where extended breastfeeding of children is the norm. The World Health Organization advises that HIV-positive mothers should be offered nondirective counseling on various infant feeding options that are feasible, affordable, safe, sustainable, and effective in the local context. The Horizons Program collaborated with NARESA in Kenya, the MTCT Working Group in Zambia, and UNICEF to examine the implementation of infant feeding counseling as part of a comprehensive study in each country to document the acceptability, operational barriers, cost, and impact of pilot PMTCT services. This brief presents key findings from the Kenya and Zambia studies on the content of counseling, provider attitudes about infant feeding options, and the extent to which actual infant feeding practice by mothers is consistent with recommended practice.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue on "The World Health Organization Choosing Interventions That Are Cost-Effective (WHO-CHOICE) Update"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Y. Bertram ◽  
Tessa Tan Torres Edejer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Over Time

The WHO-CHOICE (World Health Organization CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective) approach is unique in the global health landscape, as it takes a "generalized" approach to cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) that can be seen as a quantitative assessment of current and future efficiency within a health system. CEA is a critical contribution to the process of priority setting and decision-making in healthcare, contributing to deliberative dialogue processes to select services to be funded. WHO-CHOICE provides regional level estimates of cost-effectiveness, along with tools to support country level analyses. This series provides an update to the methodological approach used in WHO-CHOICE and presents updated cost-effectiveness estimates for 479 interventions. Five papers are presented, the first focusing on methodological updates, followed by three results papers on maternal, newborn and child health; HIV, tuberculosis and malaria; and non-communicable diseases and mental health. The final paper presents a set of example universal health coverage (UHC) benefit packages selected through only a value for money lens, showing that all disease areas have interventions which can fall on the efficiency frontier. Critical for all countries is institutionalizing decision-making processes. A UHC benefit package should not be static, as the countries needs and ability to pay change over time. Decisions will need to be continually revised and new interventions added to health benefit packages. This is a vital component of progressive realization, as the package is expanded over time. Developing an institutionalized process ensures this can be done consistently, fairly, and transparently, to ensure an equitable path to UHC.

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