scholarly journals An integrative view of the signaling phenotype: Dynamic links between signals, physiology, behavior and social context

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren N. Vitousek ◽  
David M. Zonana ◽  
Rebecca J. Safran
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Dynamic Feedback ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Integrative View ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Signal traits are often linked with the physiological state and behavior of their bearer. Direct examination of the causal links among these variables has provided substantial insight into the information content of signals, and into the costs and benefits of signal expression. Yet recent empirical work suggests that the social context in which signals are developed and displayed can play a major role not only in how signals are received, but also in coordinating and mediating the signaling phenotype itself. Here we review both well-established and emerging evidence for direct feedbacks among an individual’s physiological state, behavior, and signal elaboration. We then describe an integrative view of signaling that takes into account the bidirectional relationships among components of phenotype and the social context in which signals are developed and displayed. Integrating dynamic feedback between context and phenotype within models of the evolution and maintenance of signals may yield insights into how signals evolve, how signaling phenotypes are coordinated and maintained on ecological and evolutionary time scales, and how static signals continue to convey relevant phenotypic information about their bearer through time.

scholarly journals The switching mechanisms of social network densification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruyoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Mathieu Génois
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Switching Property ◽  
Distinctive Type ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDensification and sparsification of social networks are attributed to two fundamental mechanisms: a change in the population in the system, and/or a change in the chances that people in the system are connected. In theory, each of these mechanisms generates a distinctive type of densification scaling, but in reality both types are generally mixed. Here, we develop a Bayesian statistical method to identify the extent to which each of these mechanisms is at play at a given point in time, taking the mixed densification scaling as input. We apply the method to networks of face-to-face interactions of individuals and reveal that the main mechanism that causes densification and sparsification occasionally switches, the frequency of which depending on the social context. The proposed method uncovers an inherent regime-switching property of network dynamics, which will provide a new insight into the mechanics behind evolving social interactions.

scholarly journals To sext or not to sext. The role of social-cognitive processes in the decision to engage in sexting

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1410-1429
Author(s):  
Claire Wilson ◽  
Tommy van Steen ◽  
Christabel Akinyode ◽  
Zara P. Brodie ◽  
Graham G. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Relationship Status ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Technology has given rise to online behaviors such as sexting. It is important that we examine predictors of such behavior in order to understand who is more likely to sext and thus inform intervention aimed at sexting awareness. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine sexting beliefs and behavior. Participants (n = 418; 70.3% women) completed questionnaires assessing attitudes (instrumental and affective), subjective norms (injunctive and descriptive), control perceptions (self-efficacy and controllability) and intentions toward sexting. Specific sexting beliefs (fun/carefree beliefs, perceived risks and relational expectations) were also measured and sexting behavior reported. Relationship status, instrumental attitude, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and self-efficacy were associated with sexting intentions. Relationship status, intentions and self-efficacy related to sexting behavior. Results provide insight into the social-cognitive factors related to individuals’ sexting behavior and bring us closer to understanding what beliefs predict the behavior.

Understanding Post-Secondary Student Stress: A Qualitative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Linden
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Campus Culture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Student ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Student Stress ◽  
The Social ◽  
Insight Into

The purpose of this study was to generate conversations with post-secondary students about common sources of stress within the post-secondary setting, and gain insight into the social context surrounding these issues. Five major themes of stress were identified, including: academics, the learning environment, campus culture, interpersonal, and personal stressors. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of existing literature as well as possible directions for future research.<br>

Understanding Post-Secondary Student Stress: A Qualitative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Linden
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Campus Culture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Student ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Student Stress ◽  
The Social ◽  
Insight Into

The purpose of this study was to generate conversations with post-secondary students about common sources of stress within the post-secondary setting, and gain insight into the social context surrounding these issues. Five major themes of stress were identified, including: academics, the learning environment, campus culture, interpersonal, and personal stressors. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of existing literature as well as possible directions for future research.<br>

Sensibilisieren, vor Augen führen und plausibilisieren

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
Michael Domsgen
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Worldview ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract With the increase of non-denominational pupils, the insight into how knowledge is conditioned by the social and local context gains significance for religious education. The following article examines the interaction of teaching/taught players within the classroom setting of religious education. The fundamental didactic responsibility is to sensitize pupils for religious interpretations and -lifestyle and to mark its plausibility beside a natural-scientific worldview which is common sense. According to the article this may be reached by creating possibilities and settings within the lessons allowing the pupils to be in contact with authentic representatives and by addressing essential issues concerning their life. Finally, the author expounds the prospects of the empowerment-concept within classroom settings and formulates a standard of religious education saying religious education has to enable the development of personality in its social context.

Posthypnotic Responding Away from the Hypnotic Setting

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Barnier ◽  
Kevin M. McConkey
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Hypnotic Suggestion ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Posthypnotic Suggestion ◽  
Limited Duration

We examined posthypnotic suggestion away from the laboratory. In Experiment 1, high-hypnotizable subjects were given a post-hypnotic suggestion (of limited or unlimited duration) or a social request (of unlimited duration) to mail one postcard every day to the experimenter. Subjects given a social request rather than a posthypnotic suggestion sent more postcards, and those given a limited-duration suggestion responded differently from those given an unlimited-duration suggestion. In Experiment 2, real, hypnotized and simulating, unhypnotized subjects were given a posthypnotic suggestion, and nonhypnotic control subjects were given a social request, to mail one postcard every day; the suggestion or request was of either limited or unlimited duration. Real, hypnotized subjects sent more postcards than simulators; control subjects sent as many postcards as real, hypnotized subjects; and subjects given a suggestion or request of limited duration sent more than those given one of unlimited duration. The findings highlight the interaction of individual differences and the social context of the suggestion or request. They underscore important aspects of experience and behavior associated with posthypnotic responding away from the hypnotic setting.

scholarly journals America First populism, social volatility, and self-reported arrests

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (43) ◽  
pp. 26703-26709
Author(s):  
Ron Levi ◽  
Ioana Sendroiu ◽  
John Hagan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Rapid Social Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Despite research on the causes of populism and on the narratives of populist leaders, there is little empirical work on the relationship between populist attitudes and behavior, notably including criminal behavior. Our overarching concern is the recurrent social volatility of metaphorical populist themes that are central to impactful political messaging. Drawing on a national United States survey conducted around the 2016 election, we use multilevel models to show that the politically charged exclusionary boundaries of “America First” populism are behaviorally connected to increased odds of having been arrested. We argue that the rapid redrawing of social boundaries that make up populist attitudes is closely connected with the effects of economic and political frustrations during times of rapid social change. In the process, we develop a behavioral analysis of the social volatility of the recurrent populist movement in America.

Maximization theory in behavioral psychology

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Rachlin ◽  
Ray Battalio ◽  
John Kagel ◽  
Leonard Green
Keyword(s):  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Assigned Value ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Behavioral Space

AbstractMaximization theory, which is borrowed from economics, provides techniques for predicing the behavior of animals - including humans. A theoretical behavioral space is constructed in which each point represents a given combination of various behavioral alternatives. With two alternatives - behavior A and behavior B - each point within the space represents a certain amount of time spent performing behavior A and a certain amount of time spent performing behavior B. A particular environmental situation can be described as a constraint on available points (a circumscribed area) within the space. Maximization theory assumes that animals always choose the available point with the highest numerical value. The task of maximization theory is to assign to points in the behavioral space values that remain constant across various environmental situations; as those situations change, the point actually chosen is always the one with the highest assigned value.Maximization theory is an alternative to reinforcement theory as a description of steady-state behavior. Situations to which reinforcement theory has been directly applied (such as reinforcement of rats pressing levers and pigeons pecking keys in Skinner boxes) and situations to which reinforcement theory has occasionally been extended (such as human economic behavior and human self-control) can be described by maximization theory. This approach views behavior as a quantitative outcome of the interaction of the putative instrumental response, the reinforcer, and the other activities available in the situation. It provides new insight into these situations and, because it takes context into account, has greater predictive power than reinforcement theory.

Expressive Law, Social Norms, and Social Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (01) ◽  
pp. 60-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Independent Individual ◽  
Instrumental View ◽  
The Way

To understand how law works outside of sanctions or direct coercion, we must first appreciate that law does not generally influence individual behavior in a vacuum, devoid of social context. Instead, the way in which people interact with law is usually mediated by group life. In contrast to the instrumental view that assumes law operates on autonomous individuals by providing a set of incentives, the social groups view holds that a person's attitude and behavior regarding any given demand of law are generally products of the interaction of law, social influence, and motivational goals that are shaped by that person's commitments to specific in-groups. Law can work expressively, not so much by shaping independent individual attitudes as by shaping group values and norms, which in turn influence individual attitudes. In short, the way in which people interact with law is mediated by group life.

The social context of the parish church in early modern Westminster

Urban History ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 20-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
The Social ◽  
Church Building ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Way

In 1613 the learned divine Dr Andrew Willet remarked on the number of London churches that had recently been rebuilt, commenting that ‘generally all of them have beene more Beautified and adorned in the space of twenty or thirty yeeres than in an hundred yeeres before’. It is somewhat surprising, then, that the subject of church building in Jacobean London has attracted little attention. Yet the detailed examination of such building provides special insight into the way parishioners viewed themselves and their community.

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