scholarly journals 2-Nonanone is a Critical Pheromone Component for Cerambycid Beetle Species Native to North and South America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weliton D Silva ◽  
Lawrence M Hanks ◽  
Judith A Mongold-Diers ◽  
Anna C Grommes ◽  
José Maurício S Bento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Testing ◽  
South American ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract An increasing body of evidence indicates that cerambycid beetles native to different continents may share pheromone components, suggesting that these compounds arose as pheromone components early in the evolution of the family. Here, we describe the identification and field testing of the pheromone blends of two species in the subfamily Cerambycinae that share 2-nonanone as an important component of their male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones, the South American Stizocera consobrina Gounelle (tribe Elaphidiini) and the North American Heterachthes quadrimaculatus Haldeman (tribe Neoibidionini). Along with 2-nonanone, males of S. consobrina also produce 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione, whereas males of H. quadrimaculatus produce 10-methyldodecanol. Field bioassays conducted in Brazil (targeting S. consobrina) and Illinois (targeting H. quadrimaculatus) demonstrated that adults of both species were attracted only by the blends of both their pheromone components, and not to the individual components. The use of the pyrrole as a critical component for the former species is further evidence that this compound is a common pheromone structure among cerambycines in different biogeographical regions of the world.

scholarly journals Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20160062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieren J. Mitchell ◽  
Sarah C. Bray ◽  
Pere Bover ◽  
Leopoldo Soibelzon ◽  
Blaine W. Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
North American ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
South American ◽  
The North ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The Tremarctinae are a subfamily of bears endemic to the New World, including two of the largest terrestrial mammalian carnivores that have ever lived: the giant, short-faced bears Arctodus simus from North America and Arctotherium angustidens from South America (greater than or equal to 1000 kg). Arctotherium angustidens became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, whereas Arctodus simus went extinct at the very end of the Pleistocene. The only living tremarctine is the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ), a largely herbivorous bear that is today only found in South America. The relationships among the spectacled bears ( Tremarctos ), South American short-faced bears ( Arctotherium ) and North American short-faced bears ( Arctodus ) remain uncertain. In this study, we sequenced a mitochondrial genome from an Arctotherium femur preserved in a Chilean cave. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the South American short-faced bears were more closely related to the extant South American spectacled bear than to the North American short-faced bears. This result suggests striking convergent evolution of giant forms in the two groups of short-faced bears ( Arctodus and Arctotherium ), potentially as an adaptation to dominate competition for megafaunal carcasses.

Brazilian geology for Brazilian students: The general geology textbook published by John Casper Branner in 1906

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The North ◽  
Brazilian Students ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Creative Role ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
National Styles

This paper focuses on a somewhat neglected subject/object—textbooks—intending to discuss and analyze the case of the book Geologia elementar preparada com referencia especial aos estudantes brazileiros e à geologia do Brazil [Elementary geology prepared with special reference to Brazilian students and to Brazilian geology], written by the North American geologist John Casper Branner (1850–1922), first published in 1906, with a second edition in 1915. It is my aim to address some questions: How and why was this textbook written? Was it molded by the expectations of its author, its publisher or the general public? How far did it express the conceptions and paradigms of the time, national styles/tendencies, or momentous controversial issues? Did the individual reputation of its author ensure its circulation? Was it inspired by, or based upon, other textbooks? I expect that the arguments contribute to the understanding that textbooks and their authors are not neutral objects or passive actors, but they actually play a creative role in the development of a scientific discipline—in this case, Brazilian geology, through the relations between North and South America and their respective geoscientific communities.

RESOLVING SOURCE-TO-SINK DYNAMICS BY MULTI-PROXY DATA FROM THE NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENTAL SEDIMENTARY ARCHIVES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Carrapa ◽  
◽  
Andrea Stevens Goddard ◽  
Scott Meek ◽  
Peter G. DeCelles
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Proxy Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
North And South

scholarly journals Evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria de una crema a partir del extracto purificado de Baccharis Tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. “taya”

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antiinflammatory Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antiinflammatory Therapy ◽  
The North ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria de una crema a partir del extracto purificado de Baccharis Tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. “taya” Evaluation of the antiinflammatory activity of a cream from purified extract from Baccharis Tricuneata (L. f.) Pers. "Taya" Marlon Díaz, John Conde, Pedro Félix, Sandra Ramírez, Roly Vicuña Asociación Científica de Investigación Farmacéutica - Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica- Universidad Nacional “San Luis Gonzaga” de Ica. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2012.0004/ RESUMEN El género Baccharis es una de las más importantes fuentes de productos en la medicina natural, se distribuyen en el Norte y Sur de América y en nuestro país en las zonas alto andinas, despertando el interés por su uso etnofarmacológico. La especie Baccharis tricuneata (L.f.) pers. “taya”, es usada en la medicina tradicional en la terapia antiinflamatoria en forma de emplastos. El extracto acetato de etilo se obtuvo a partir del extracto etanólico por sucesivos fraccionamientos utilizando solventes polaridad creciente. Se realizó la identificación de flavonoides en los extractos mostrando mayor presencia en el extracto de acetato de etilo. Se formuló y evaluó la actividad antiinflamatoria de una crema elaborada a partir del extracto de acetato den etilo a varias concentraciones. La evaluación farmacológica se realizó por el método de Edema Auricular Inducido por Aceite de Croton. La crema al 30% mostró actividad antiinflamatoria del 71.43%. Se atribuye a los flavonoides la actividad antiinflamatoria encontrada ya que existen reportes de su gran poder de estabilizar membranas y los radicales oxidantes. Descriptores: etnofarmacológico, Baccharis tricuneata, actividad antiinflamatoria. ABSTRACT The genus Baccharis is one of the most important sources of products in the natural medicine, are distributed in the North and South America and in our country in the high Andean areas, arousing the interest of their usage etnofarmacologico. The species Baccharis tricuneata (L. f.) Pers. "Taya", is used in traditional medicine in the antiinflammatory therapy in the form of poultices. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the ethanolic extract by successive fragmentations using solvents increasing polarity. It carried out the identification of flavonoids in the extracts showing greater presence in the ethyl acetate extract. It was formulated and assessed the antiinflammatory activity of an ointment prepared from the extract of ethyl acetate to various concentrations. Pharmacological evaluation was performed by the method of ear edema induced by Croton Oil. The cream to the 30% showed antiinflammatory activity of 71.43 %. It is attributed to the flavonoids the antiinflammatory activity found that there are already reports of his great power to stabilize membranes and oxidizing radicals. Keywords: ethnopharmacological, Baccharis tricuneata, anti-inflammatory activity.

Injected drugs consumption in Mexico: notes for the last two decades / El consumo de drogas inyectadas en México: apuntes de las últimas dos décadas

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivaldo Linares Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
The Family ◽  
Careful Revision ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Windows 2000 ◽  
Different Sources

Objetivo: Revisar los aspectos epidemiológicos relevantes de investigaciones nacionales sobre consumo de heroína y cocaína en las dos últimas décadas, haciendo énfasis en la frontera norte de México. Material y Método: Se realizó una consulta automatizada, previo diseño teórico de búsqueda bibliográfica de trabajos sobre el tema. Se encontraron 72 materiales y tras una cuidadosa selección, quedaron 59, recuperando 83% de ellos. Para su análisis se diseñó una matriz de variables cualitativas y cuantitativas y se procesó en Excel para Windows 2000. Resultados: Sin ser un fenómeno reciente, el consumo de heroína esta alcanzando en últimas fechas proporciones considerables y diversas fuentes de información marcan esta tendencia, sobre todo en el norte del país. Asimismo el consumo de cocaína es cada vez mayor y se extiende por todo el territorio nacional en proporciones cada vez mayores según lo muestran diferentes indicadores. Comentarios: El panorama epidemiológico del consumo de heroína y cocaína es alarmante por sus repercusiones en lo individual, familiar y social y representa un reto principalmente para la planificación y funcionamiento de los servicios de salud en México. AbstractObjective: To review the relevant epidemiological aspects of national research regarding consumption of heroin and cocaine over the last two decades, with emphasis on the northern border of Mexico. Materials and Method: An automated consultation was carried out after the theoretical design of a bibliographic search for works related to the subject. 72 papers were found of which 59 were chosen after a careful revision representing 83%. For the analysis a matrix of qualitative and quantitative variables was designed and processed with Excel, Windows 2000. Results: Although the consumption of heroin is not a recent phenomenon, over the last few years it has reached such high proportions, especially in the north of the country, as many different sources of information indicate. Likewise, the consumption of cocaine is ever-growing and spreading throughout the country the same proportions, as show by several indicators. Observations: The consumption prevalence of both heroin and cocaine is alarming because its tremendous impact on the individual, the family and the society and it represents a challenge for the Mexican Health Services, particularly in planning and management. 

scholarly journals Knowledge transfer and management among Malay traditional massage practitioners in the north of Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Norizan Esa ◽  
Salasiah Che Lah ◽  
Sakiinah Mahamad Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Traditional Healing ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual

Local knowledge is knowledge transferred across generations by individuals or community through experience in the environment they live in. This includes the knowledge and practices that are still practiced by a community or individual. Apart from trust, the willingness and capacity to share what they know and use what they learn plays an important role for local knowledge to be transferred and managed. In Malaysia, traditional Malay massage is a form of traditional healing among the Malay society that was recorded since the 19th century through Kitab Tib manuscript. This form of healing uses natural resources, wafak (letters, numerals and diagrams), Quranic verses and doa (prayers and supplications) in the healing practice. This paper attempts to explore on how the knowledge is passed down from expert to apprentice. This study involves interviews and observation on selected Malay traditional massage practitioners. In conclusion, knowledge transfer among Malay traditional massage practitioners only happens when there is trust trust. Knowledge is passed down within their family members and learned from observation and experience. The traditional Malay massage remains only within the individual or a limited number within the family community rather than the community as a whole.

Taxonomic variation among North and South American subspecies of Fragaria virginiana Miller and Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Miller

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1632-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F Hancock ◽  
S Serçe ◽  
C M Portman ◽  
P W Callow ◽  
J J Luby
Keyword(s):  
Biological Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Principle Component ◽  
Geographical Separation ◽  
Interspecies Hybridization ◽  
Fragaria Chiloensis ◽  
Fragaria Virginiana ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North And South

A morphometric comparison was done in the greenhouse of 220 genotypes representing all the American taxa of octoploid strawberries. Only two groups of Fragaria virginiana Miller (Staudt) and Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Miller were well separated in both principle component and cluster analyses: a group composed primarily of F. chiloensis subspecies plus some F. virginiana ssp. glauca (Wats.) Staudt and F. virginiana ssp. platypetala (Rydberg) Staudt and another group composed primarily of F. virginiana ssp. virginiana Duchesne; and F. virginiana ssp. grayana (E. Vilmorin ex Gay) with some F. virginiana ssp. glauca and F. virginiana ssp. platypetala. Among the individual traits examined, only hair orientation reliably distinguished F. chiloensis ssp. lucida (E. Vilmorin ex Gay) from F. chiloensis ssp. pacifica Staudt, and F. virginiana ssp. grayana from F. virginiana ssp. virginiana. Little separation was observed between North and South American F. chiloensis in our principle component and cluster analyses, although these groups did show significant individual discontinuities for a number of traits. Individuals representing the cultivated race of F. chiloensis were in a relatively tight cluster within the scatter of native F. chiloensis. Taken together, these data indicate that F. virginiana and F. chiloensis may be extreme forms of the same biological species and that many of the subspecies designations currently employed in F. virginiana and F. chiloensis should not be recognized. We suggest, however, that there is sufficient morphological and geographical separation to warrant the species designations F. chiloensis and F. virginiana. Fragaria chiloensis ssp. pacifica and Fragaria chiloensis ssp. lucida do not appear to deserve distinct subspecies rank, nor do F. virginiana ssp. virginiana and F. virginiana ssp. grayana. North and South American F. chiloensis are morphologically quite similar, but probably deserve subspecies rank, based on their isolation from each other and the fact that they are evolving separately. Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca and F. virginiana ssp. platypetala should probably be joined as a single subspecies and retained within F. virginiana until further investigations more definitively determine affinity to other F. virginiana and F. chiloensis subspecies.Key words: Rosaceae, interspecies hybridization, polyploidy.

Sectionalism and Policy Formation in the United States: President Carter's Welfare Initiatives

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond King
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Jimmy Carter ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Family Support Act ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Us ◽  
North And South

President Jimmy Carter twice attempted to enact major reforms of the US welfare system. Using archival material from the Carter Presidential Library, this article argues that one major reason for the failure of both initiatives was the persistence of regional divisions between representatives from the north and south in the Congress. This factor is as germane to the welfare failure as poor presidential-congressional relations and changes to the committee seniority system in the Congress. American welfare programmes were institutionalized in such a way that, from the 1930s, building a coalition across sectional interests (as represented by members of the Congress) was nearly impossible: gains to one region constituted losses to the other. The consequence of the way Carter pursued and failed to achieve welfare reform was to enhance the priorities, particularly ‘working for welfare’, exploited by Reagan in the final year of his administration when the Family Support Act was enacted.

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