scholarly journals Infant Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Jacks ◽  
Krishna Pendakur ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Local Option ◽  
Border Policy ◽  
Alcohol Prohibition

Abstract Using new data on county-level variation in alcohol prohibition from 1933 to 1939, we investigate whether the repeal of federal prohibition increased infant mortality, both in counties and states that repealed and in neighboring counties. We find that repeal is associated with a 4.0% increase in infant mortality rates in counties that chose wet status via local option elections or state-wide legislation and with a 4.7% increase in neighboring dry counties, suggesting a large role for cross-border policy externalities. These estimates imply that roughly 27,000 excess infant deaths could be attributed to the repeal of federal prohibition in this period.

scholarly journals Health capabilities and the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil, 2004–2015: an innovative methodological framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bugelli ◽  
Roxane Borgès Da Silva ◽  
Ladislau Dowbor ◽  
Claude Sicotte
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Despite the implementation of a set of social and health policies, Brazil has experienced a slowdown in the decline of infant mortality, regional disparities and persistent high death levels, raising questions about the determinants of infant mortality after the implementation of these policies. The objective of this article is to propose a methodological approach aiming at identifying the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil after the implementation of those policies. Method A series of multilevel panel data with fixed effect nested within-clusters were conducted supported by the concept of health capabilities based on data from 26 Brazilian states between 2004 and 2015. The dependent variables were the neonatal, the infant and the under-five mortality rates. The independent variables were the employment rate, per capita income, Bolsa Família Program coverage, the fertility rate, educational attainment, the number of live births by prenatal visits, the number of health professionals per thousand inhabitants, and the access to water supply and sewage services. We also used different time lags of employment rate to identify the impact of employment on the infant mortality rates over time, and household income stratified by minimum wages to analyze their effects on these rates. Results The results showed that in addition to variables associated with infant mortality in previous studies, such as Bolsa Família Program, per capita income and fertility rate, other factors affect child mortality. Educational attainment, quality of prenatal care and access to health professionals are also elements impacting infant deaths. The results also identified an association between employment rate and different infant mortality rates, with employment impacting neonatal mortality up to 3 years and that a family income below 2 minimum wages increases the odds of infant deaths. Conclusion The results proved that the methodology proposed allowed the use of variables based on aggregated data that could hardly be used by other methodologies.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

Infant Mortality Among Singletons and Twins in Japan During 1999–2008 on the Basis of Risk Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Imaizumi ◽  
Kazuo Hayakawa
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births

The infant mortality rate (IMR) among single and twin births from 1999 to 2008 was analyzed using Japanese Vital Statistics. The IMR was 5.3-fold higher in twins than in singletons in 1999 and decreased to 3.9-fold in 2008. The reduced risk of infant mortality in twins relative to singletons may be related, partially, to survival rates, which improved after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for twin — twin transfusion syndrome. The proportion of neonatal deaths among total infant deaths was 54% for singletons and 74% for twins. Thus, intensive care of single and twin births may be very important during the first month of life to reduce the IMR. The IMR decreased as gestational age (GA) rose in singletons, whereas the IMR in twins decreased as GA rose until 37 weeks and increased thereafter. The IMR was significantly higher in twins than in singletons from the shortest GA (<24 weeks) to 28 weeks as well as ≥38 weeks, whereas the IMR was significantly higher in singletons than in twins from 30 to 36 weeks. As for maternal age, the early neonatal and neonatal mortality rates as well as the IMR in singletons were significantly higher in the youngest maternal age group than in the oldest one, whereas the opposite result was obtained in twins. The lowest IMR in singletons was 1.1 per 1,000 live births for ≥38 weeks of gestation and heaviest birth weight (≥2,000 g), while the lowest IMR in twins was 1.8 at 37 weeks and ≥2,000 g.

scholarly journals County-level Variation in Infant Mortality Reporting at Early Previable Gestational Ages

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neera K. Goyal ◽  
Emily DeFranco ◽  
Beena D. Kamath-Rayne ◽  
Andrew F. Beck ◽  
Eric S. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Variation

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Jumlah Kematian Ibu dan Bayi di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Menggunakan Regresi Bivariat Poisson

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Mutiara Widhika Astuti ◽  
A’yunin Sofro
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Right ◽  
Postpartum Mothers ◽  
Significant Factors

Maternal and infant mortality are two correlated subjects, because during pregnancy the mother's placenta distributes nutrients to the fetus so the baby born is affected by the condition of his mother. Central Java has significant maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Indonesia. In this case, need a research to analyze the factors that influence maternal and infant mortality using Bivariate Poisson Regression (BPR) method. BPR is the right method because it can reconfirm two data that are correlated with Poisson distribution. This study produced three models. The first model is the maternal mortality rate has several significant factors, including pregnant women implementing the K1 and K4 program, vitamin A to postpartum mothers, pregnant women getting Fe tablets, and midwifery handle complications. The second model is the infant deaths that have factors pregnant women implementing the K4 program, helped assistance by medical team, postpartum mothers receiving vitamin A, pregnant women getting Fe tablets, complications handled by midwifery, and KB participants. The final model involves maternal and infant mortality. Significant factors are pregnant women implementing the K1 program, pregnant women implementing the K4 program, giving vitamin A to postpartum mothers, and KB participants.

Regional Contribution of Previable Infant Deaths to Infant Mortality Rates in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MacKenzie Lee ◽  
Eric S. Hall ◽  
Meredith Taylor ◽  
Emily A. DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Healthy People 2020

Objective Lack of standardization of infant mortality rate (IMR) calculation between regions in the United States makes comparisons potentially biased. This study aimed to quantify differences in the contribution of early previable live births (<20 weeks) to U.S. regional IMR. Study Design Population-based cohort study of all U.S. live births and infant deaths recorded between 2007 and 2014 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) WONDER database linked birth/infant death records (births from 17–47 weeks). Proportion of infant deaths attributable to births <20 vs. 20 to 47 weeks, and difference (ΔIMR) between reported and modified (births ≥20 weeks) IMRs were compared across four U.S. census regions (North, South, Midwest, and West). Results Percentages of infant deaths attributable to birth <20 weeks were 6.3, 6.3, 5.3, and 4.1% of total deaths for Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, respectively, p < 0.001. Contribution of < 20-week deaths to each region's IMR was 0.34, 0.42, 0.37, and 0.2 per 1,000 live births. Modified IMR yielded less regional variation with IMRs of 5.1, 6.2, 6.6, and 4.9 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion Live births at <20 weeks contribute significantly to IMR as all result in infant death. Standardization of gestational age cut-off results in more consistent IMRs among U.S. regions and would result in U.S. IMR rates exceeding the healthy people 2020 goal of 6.0 per 1,000 live births.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Birth Weight Discordance and Adverse Infant Mortality among Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins in Japan, 1995–2008

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Yoko Imaizumi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Mz Twins ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractUsing vital statistics in Japan (1995–2008), 154,578 live-born twin pairs (128,236 monozygotic [MZ] and 180,920 dizygotic [DZ]) were identified. The proportion of severe discordance among live-born twin births was twice as high in Japanese than Caucasian infants. There were 1858 MZ and 1620 DZ infant deaths. Computation of the relationship between infant mortality rate and birth weight discordance among the twins was performed. Discordance levels were classified into seven groups: <5%, five groups from 5–9% to 25–29%, and ≥30%.The mortality rate was significantly higher in MZ than DZ twins for discordances except at 5–9% and 10–14%. The lowest rate for MZ twins was at 5–9% (7.5 per 1000 live twins) and significantly increased from 10–14% (9.4) to ≥30% (83.4), while the lowest rate for DZ twins was at <5% (6.7), which significantly increased at 10–14% (8.0) and from 25–29% (12.1) to ≥30% (35.5). The relationship was also computed in two gestational age groups (<28 and ≥28 weeks). For births at <28 weeks, three discordances (after 20–24%) in MZ twins were associated with adverse mortality rate. For births at ≥28 weeks, the same relationship was obtained after 10–14% in MZ and after 20–24% in DZ twins. The relationship from 2002 to 2008 showed that the mortality rates significantly increased after 10–14% for both types of twins. In conclusion, five discordance levels in MZ and three levels in DZ twins were associated with adverse mortality rates.

Concealed Infant Deaths in Turkey and Regional Inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Onur Hamzaoglu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The primary purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are infant deaths not included in infant mortality rate calculations declared by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health since 2009, and if so, to investigate the dimension of these deaths. The secondary purpose of this study was to calculate the presence, magnitude, and the direction of change of interregional inequalities over the years. The study revealed that infant mortality rates included in statistics by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health since 2009 do not reflect real mortality rates and conceal 36% to 57% of infant deaths occurring annually. In addition, the study also showed an increase in interregional inequalities over the years with respect to infant mortality rates.

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