Concealed Infant Deaths in Turkey and Regional Inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Onur Hamzaoglu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The primary purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are infant deaths not included in infant mortality rate calculations declared by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health since 2009, and if so, to investigate the dimension of these deaths. The secondary purpose of this study was to calculate the presence, magnitude, and the direction of change of interregional inequalities over the years. The study revealed that infant mortality rates included in statistics by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health since 2009 do not reflect real mortality rates and conceal 36% to 57% of infant deaths occurring annually. In addition, the study also showed an increase in interregional inequalities over the years with respect to infant mortality rates.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Birth Weight Discordance and Adverse Infant Mortality among Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins in Japan, 1995–2008

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Yoko Imaizumi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Mz Twins ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractUsing vital statistics in Japan (1995–2008), 154,578 live-born twin pairs (128,236 monozygotic [MZ] and 180,920 dizygotic [DZ]) were identified. The proportion of severe discordance among live-born twin births was twice as high in Japanese than Caucasian infants. There were 1858 MZ and 1620 DZ infant deaths. Computation of the relationship between infant mortality rate and birth weight discordance among the twins was performed. Discordance levels were classified into seven groups: <5%, five groups from 5–9% to 25–29%, and ≥30%.The mortality rate was significantly higher in MZ than DZ twins for discordances except at 5–9% and 10–14%. The lowest rate for MZ twins was at 5–9% (7.5 per 1000 live twins) and significantly increased from 10–14% (9.4) to ≥30% (83.4), while the lowest rate for DZ twins was at <5% (6.7), which significantly increased at 10–14% (8.0) and from 25–29% (12.1) to ≥30% (35.5). The relationship was also computed in two gestational age groups (<28 and ≥28 weeks). For births at <28 weeks, three discordances (after 20–24%) in MZ twins were associated with adverse mortality rate. For births at ≥28 weeks, the same relationship was obtained after 10–14% in MZ and after 20–24% in DZ twins. The relationship from 2002 to 2008 showed that the mortality rates significantly increased after 10–14% for both types of twins. In conclusion, five discordance levels in MZ and three levels in DZ twins were associated with adverse mortality rates.

scholarly journals An exploration of the effects of pandemic influenza on infant mortality in Toronto, 1917–1921

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Stacey Hallman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Influenza Epidemic ◽  
Infant Deaths

This study investigates infant mortality from pandemic influenza in Toronto, Canada, from September to December 1918, through theRegistered Death Records of the Province of Ontario. A comparison of infant deaths in 1918 to surrounding years (1917–21) revealedthat although mortality rates remained relatively stable, there were changes in the mortality profile during the epidemic. Deaths frominfluenza did increase slightly, and the epidemic altered the expected sex ratio of infant deaths. Although communities may be greatly strained by an influenza epidemic, the infant mortality rate may be more representative of long-term social and environmental conditions rather than acute, intensive crises.

Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1991

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-845
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Final Data

Between 1990 and 1991, provisional data show that the infant mortality rate decreased again, from 9.1 to 8.9, a decline of 2% in contrast to the 7% decline from 1989 to 1990. Birth, death, and marriage rates were also lower, but the divorce rate stayed at about the same level as in 1990. Natural increase in the population, excess of births over deaths, was less than 2 million, 4% less than the increase in 1990. Detailed analysis of changes and of the influence of factors like age and race requires final data; at the time of preparation of this report final birth and death data were available only through 1989. For a variety of reasons, including staff shortages and delays in receipt of state data by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), final data for 1990, which would usually have been available in late August 1992, are not expected before early 1993. Unlike recent years, the decline in the infant mortality rate was only in the neonatal component, which decreased 3.6%. Postneonatal mortality increased, for the first time in many years, by 1.6%, suggesting that the decline in the total is related more to therapeutic advances in neonatology than to improved prevention. Internationally, newly independent Latvia was added to the list of countries with rates less than 15, but Costa Rica was deleted. With the reunification of Germany the list shrank to 28 and, by default, the United States moved up from 21st to 20th. Some 12.5 million births, less than 9% of the world total, took place in countries with under-5 mortality rates of less than 20 per 1000. At the other end of the scale, 42% of the world's births occurred in countries with under-5 mortality rates of more than 140 per 1000. The median under-5 mortality rate for those countries in 1990 was 189 per 1000, meaning that almost 20% of the infants born alive in these countries died before their fifth birthday.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil: longitudinal quasi-experimental study

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-054923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Andre Salem Szklo ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Isabela Sattamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

ObjectiveTo examine the associations of partial and comprehensive smoke-free legislation with neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil using a quasi-experimental study design.DesignMonthly longitudinal (panel) ecological study from January 2000 to December 2016.SettingAll Brazilian municipalities (n=5565).ParticipantsInfant populations.InterventionSmoke-free legislation in effect in each municipality and month. Legislation was encoded as basic (allowing smoking areas), partial (segregated smoking rooms) or comprehensive (no smoking in public buildings). Associations were quantified by immediate step and longer term slope/trend changes in outcomes.Statistical analysesMunicipal-level linear fixed-effects regression models.Main outcomes measuresInfant and neonatal mortality.ResultsImplementation of partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a −3.3 % (95% CI −6.2% to −0.4%) step reduction in the municipal infant mortality rate, but no step change in neonatal mortality. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation implementation was associated with −5.2 % (95% CI −8.3% to −2.1%) and −3.4 % (95% CI −6.7% to −0.1%) step reductions in infant and neonatal mortality, respectively, and a −0.36 (95% CI −0.66 to−0.06) annual decline in the infant mortality rate. We estimated that had all smoke-free legislation introduced since 2004 been comprehensive, an additional 10 091 infant deaths (95% CI 1196 to 21 761) could have been averted.ConclusionsStrengthening smoke-free legislation in Brazil is associated with improvements in infant health outcomes—particularly under comprehensive legislation. Governments should accelerate implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation to protect infant health and achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal three.

The Effects of Health Expenditures to Decrease Infant Mortality Rates in OECD Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 357-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Kara ◽  
İrfan Ersin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Analysis Process

There is a positive relationship between the health level of the society and its economic development. The main reason is that improving quality of the lives and increasing lifetime has lead to higher economic performance. This evaluates the relationship between health expenditure and infant mortality rate in OECD countries. In the analysis process, 20 different countries in the OECD are selected and annual data of these countries for the years between 1980 and 2017 is evaluated with the help of Kao panel cointegration and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis. The findings show that there is long term relationship between health expenditure and infant mortality rates in OECD countries. Another important conclusion is that there is a causality analysis from health expenditure to the infant mortality rate. While considering these results, it is recommended that OECD countries should take some actions in order to increase health expenditure so that it can be possible to decrease infant mortality rate.

Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Malaysia: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450
Author(s):  
Chor Foon Tang
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Governance Quality

Understanding the factors associated with the infant mortality rate is essential as it may guide policymaking in efforts to alleviate the high incidence of infant mortality. The aim of this study is to explore the major determinants of the infant mortality rate with specific focus accorded to research and development (R&D) and governance quality. Our analysis utilizes unbalanced panel data from 122 countries from 2001 to 2013. Using the dynamic panel data generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we find that income, health spending, female education, technological progress and governance quality have significant negative impact on infant mortality rates. It can thus be surmised that policies to reduce infant mortality rates should focus upon improving the level of income, female education, health spending and governance quality, besides encouraging R&D activities.

Infant Mortality Among Singletons and Twins in Japan During 1999–2008 on the Basis of Risk Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Imaizumi ◽  
Kazuo Hayakawa
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births

The infant mortality rate (IMR) among single and twin births from 1999 to 2008 was analyzed using Japanese Vital Statistics. The IMR was 5.3-fold higher in twins than in singletons in 1999 and decreased to 3.9-fold in 2008. The reduced risk of infant mortality in twins relative to singletons may be related, partially, to survival rates, which improved after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for twin — twin transfusion syndrome. The proportion of neonatal deaths among total infant deaths was 54% for singletons and 74% for twins. Thus, intensive care of single and twin births may be very important during the first month of life to reduce the IMR. The IMR decreased as gestational age (GA) rose in singletons, whereas the IMR in twins decreased as GA rose until 37 weeks and increased thereafter. The IMR was significantly higher in twins than in singletons from the shortest GA (<24 weeks) to 28 weeks as well as ≥38 weeks, whereas the IMR was significantly higher in singletons than in twins from 30 to 36 weeks. As for maternal age, the early neonatal and neonatal mortality rates as well as the IMR in singletons were significantly higher in the youngest maternal age group than in the oldest one, whereas the opposite result was obtained in twins. The lowest IMR in singletons was 1.1 per 1,000 live births for ≥38 weeks of gestation and heaviest birth weight (≥2,000 g), while the lowest IMR in twins was 1.8 at 37 weeks and ≥2,000 g.

On the Measurement of Infant Mortality

1973 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales

In England and Wales prior to 1956 annual estimates for the infant mortality rate q0 were obtained as the quotient of an observed number of deaths and an exposure calculated by reference to the related births. Since 1956, however, infant mortality rates have been measured as the ratio of the numbers of deaths and births in a given calendar year (cf. reference 4, Part I, supplement to Table 24).

Child Mortality After Hurricane Katrina

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Department Of Health

ABSTRACTBackground: Age-specific pediatric health consequences of community disruption after Hurricane Katrina have not been analyzed. Post-Katrina vital statistics are unavailable. The objectives of this study were to validate an alternative method to estimate child mortality rates in the greater New Orleans area and compare pre-Katrina and post-Katrina mortality rates.Methods: Pre-Katrina 2004 child mortality was estimated from death reports in the local daily newspaper and validated by comparison with pre-Katrina data from the Louisiana Department of Health. Post-Katrina child mortality rates were analyzed as a measure of health consequences.Results: Newspaper-derived estimates of mortality rates appear to be valid except for possible underreporting of neonatal rates. Pre-Katrina and post-Katrina mortality rates were similar for all age groups except infants. Post-Katrina, a 92% decline in mortality rate occurred for neonates (<28 days), and a 57% decline in mortality rate occurred for postneonatal infants (28 days–1 year). The post-Katrina decline in infant mortality rate exceeds the pre-Katrina discrepancy between newspaper-derived and Department of Health–reported rates.Conclusions: A declining infant mortality rate raises questions about persistent displacement of high-risk infants out of the region. Otherwise, there is no evidence of long-lasting post-Katrina excess child mortality. Further investigation of demographic changes would be of interest to local decision makers and planners for recovery after public health emergencies in other regions.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:62-65)

scholarly journals A study on transformation in infant mortality rates in India: mortality indicators as major tool for indicating status of nation’s health

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Chandramohan Reddy S. ◽  
Dharna Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Mortality is important to study population change in the country; infant mortality is considered as principal component balancing the child sex ratio. In this study authors aimed to analyze how mortality rates and child sex ratios are different in urban and rural areas and how its growth statistics are changing over years. Objectives of the study were to quantify infant mortality rates change over time and check the means among mortality indicators.Methods: The study was conducted using secondary data obtained from various issues and reports published by Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India for a period of 10 years from 2006 to 2016. The obtained data on mortality indicators were subjected to basic statistical analysis using percent change and paired t-test.Results: The Infant mortality rate which was reduced by 23 points indicating reduction of 67.65 percent control over a period from 2006 to 2016. Further, results show that, in case of urban mortality, there was significant difference between mortality indicators during study period, the p-value (0.011) was less than level of significance (0.05) so we reject the null hypothesis and it is concluded that there is significant difference between the means of urban mortality indicators over a period of from 2006 to 2016.Conclusions: The infant mortality rate frequently provided as a key indicator of overall the development. There is need for stable child sex ratio; health of children and women are essential for better growth and reaching stable child sex ratio for the ever increasing population.

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