Cardinium inhibits Wolbachia in its mite host, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and affects host fitness

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hubert ◽  
Marta Nesvorna ◽  
Stano Pekar ◽  
Stefan J Green ◽  
Pavel B Klimov
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Lower Population

ABSTRACT Interactions among endosymbiotic bacteria inside their eukaryotic hosts are poorly understood, particularly in mites. The mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a common, medically important generalist species that has many intracellular and gut bacterial symbionts. In the experiments, we examined bacterial abundances and composition in mite populations obtained by controlled mixing of stock mite populations that differed in the presence/absence of the major intracellular bacteria Wolbachia and Cardinium. Changes in microbial communities were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput sequencing (pooled mite individuals) and quantitative PCR for key microbial taxa (individual mites). Mite fitness was estimated as a parameter of population growth. We detected that in mixed mite populations, Cardinium and Wolbachia can co-occur in the same mite individual. The presence of Cardinium was negatively correlated with the presence of Wolbachia and Bartonella, while the Bartonella and Wolbachia were positively correlated in individual level samples. Since mixed populations had lower abundances of Wolbachia, while the abundance of Cardinium did not change, we suggest that the presence of Cardinium inhibits the growth of Wolbachia. The mixed mite populations had lower population growth than parental populations. The possible effect of symbionts on the fitness of mixed population is discussed.

scholarly journals Gut-associated bacteria invade the midgut epithelium of Aedes aegypti and stimulate innate immunity and suppress Zika virus infection in cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivanand Hegde ◽  
Denis Voronin ◽  
Aitor Casas-Sanchez ◽  
Miguel A. Saldaña ◽  
Eva Heinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Mosquito Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bacterial Replication

AbstractMicrobiota within mosquitoes influence nutrition, immunity, fecundity, and the capacity to transmit pathogens. Despite their importance, we have a limited understanding of host-microbiota interactions, especially at the cellular level. It is evident bacterial symbionts that are localized within the midgut also infect other organs within the mosquito; however, the route these symbionts take to colonize other tissues is unknown. Here, utilizing the gentamicin protection assay, we showed that the bacterial symbionts Cedecea and Serratia have the capacity to invade and reside intracellularly within mosquito cells. Symbiotic bacteria were found within a vacuole and bacterial replication was observed in mosquito cell by transmission electron microscopy, indicating bacteria were adapted to the intracellular milieu. Using gene silencing, we determined that bacteria exploited host factors, including actin and integrin receptors, to actively invade mosquito cells. As microbiota can affect pathogens within mosquitoes, we examined the influence of intracellular symbionts on Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Mosquito cells harbouring intracellular bacteria had significantly less ZIKV compared to uninfected cells or cells exposed to non-invasive bacteria. Intracellular bacteria were observed to substantially upregulate the Toll and IMD innate immune pathways, providing a possible mechanism mediating these anti-viral effects. Examining mono-axenically infected mosquitoes using transmission electron and fluorescent microscopy revealed that bacteria occupied an intracellular niche in vivo. Our results provided evidence that bacteria that associate with the midgut of mosquitoes have intracellular lifestyles which likely have implications for mosquito biology and pathogen infection. This study expands our understanding of host-microbiota interactions in mosquitoes, which is important as symbiont microbes are being exploited for vector control strategies.

Population growth of the stored product pest Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) on environmentally and medically important fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Guilherme Liberato da Silva ◽  
Isadora Zanatta Esswein ◽  
Daiane Heidrich ◽  
Fabíola Dresch ◽  
Mônica Jachetti Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Stored Product Pest

scholarly journals The toxicity of bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris) to stored-product mites (Acari: Acaridida)

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hubert ◽  
M. Němcová ◽  
G. Aspaly ◽  
V. Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Storage Mites ◽  
Acarus Siro ◽  
Stored Product Mites ◽  
Stored Product Pests ◽  
Bean Flour

Legume proteins were shown to have insecticidal activity against stored-product pests. Grain enriched by bean (<I>Phaseolus vulgaris</I>) flour inhibits the growth of stored-product mites. In this study, we tested the toxicity of bean flour to storage mites under optimal conditions for their population growth (i.e. rearing diet, temperature: 25C and humidity optimum: 85% RH). Bean flour was added&nbsp; to the diet in one of eight concentrations: 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10%). The population growth of <I>Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus siro </I>and <I>Aleuroglyphus ovatus </I>initiating from a density of 50 mites per 0.2 g of diet was recorded for 21 days. The enrichment of grain with bean flour suppressed the population growth of the tested species. These differed in their sensitivity to bean flour. Population growth was decreased to 50% in comparison to the control (rC<SUB>50</SUB>) by the bean flour concentration of 0.02% in <I>T. putrescentiae, </I>0.04% in<I>&nbsp; A. siro, </I>and by<I> </I>4.87% in <I>A. ovatus. </I>&nbsp;The concentration of 5% bean flour in diets kept populations of <I>A. siro </I>and <I>T. putrescentiae</I><I> </I>at the initial level. The results are discussed in the context of applying bean flour in the integrated control of stored-product mites.

scholarly journals Evolution of blue-flowered species of genus Linum based on high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda L. Bolsheva ◽  
Nataliya V. Melnikova ◽  
Ilya V. Kirov ◽  
Anna S. Speranskaya ◽  
Anastasia A. Krinitsina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

scholarly journals The Role of Population in Economic Growth

SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401773609 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wesley F. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Population Growth ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Capita Output

The relationship between population growth and economic growth is controversial. This article draws on historical data to chart the links between population growth, growth in per capita output, and overall economic growth over the past 200 years. Low population growth in high-income countries is likely to create social and economic problems while high population growth in low-income countries may slow their development. International migration could help to adjust these imbalances but is opposed by many. Drawing on economic analyses of inequality, it appears that lower population growth and limited migration may contribute to increased national and global economic inequality.

scholarly journals Different individual-level responses of great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus) to shifting local prey availability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Maynard ◽  
Julia Gulka ◽  
Edward Jenkins ◽  
Gail K Davoren
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Response Diversity ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Larus Marinus ◽  
Generalist Diet

To grow, survive and reproduce under anthropogenic-induced changes, individuals must respond quickly and favourably to the surrounding environment. A species that feeds on a wide variety of prey types (i.e. generalist diet) may be comprised of generalist individuals, specialist individuals that feed on different prey types, or a combination of the two. If individuals within a population respond differently to an environmental change, population-level responses may not be detectable. By tracking foraging movements of eight great black-backed gulls ( Larus marinus ), a generalist species, we compared group-level and individual-level responses to an increase in prey biomass (capelin; Mallotus villosus ) during the breeding season in coastal Newfoundland, Canada. As hypothesized, shifts in prey availability resulted in significantly different individual responses in foraging behaviour and space use, which was not detectable when data from individuals were combined. Some individuals maintained similar foraging areas, foraging trip characteristics (e.g., trip length, duration) and habitat use with increased capelin availability, while others shifted foraging areas and habitats resulting in either increased or decreased trip characteristics. We show that individual specialization can be non-contextual in some gulls, whereby these individuals continuously use the same feeding strategy despite significant change in prey availability conditions. Findings also indicate high response diversity among individuals to shifting prey conditions that a population- or group-level study would not have detected, emphasizing the importance of examining individual-level strategies for future diet and foraging studies on generalist species.

scholarly journals Characterising planktonic dinoflagellate diversity in Singapore using DNA metabarcoding

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e25136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Sze ◽  
Lilibeth N. Miranda ◽  
Tsai Min Sin ◽  
Danwei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The West ◽  
18S Ribosomal Rna Gene ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Johor Strait

Dinoflagellates are traditionally identified morphologically using microscopy, which is a time-consuming and labour-intensive process. Hence, we explored DNA metabarcoding using high-throughput sequencing as a more efficient way to study planktonic dinoflagellate diversity in Singapore’s waters. From 29 minimally pre-sorted water samples collected at four locations in western Singapore, DNA was extracted, amplified and sequenced for a 313-bp fragment of the V4–V5 region in the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Two sequencing runs generated 2,847,170 assembled paired-end reads, corresponding to 573,176 unique sequences. Sequences were clustered at 97% similarity and analysed with stringent thresholds (≥150 bp, ≥20 reads, ≥95% match to dinoflagellates), recovering 28 dinoflagellate taxa. Dinoflagellate diversity captured includes parasitic and symbiotic groups which are difficult to identify morphologically. Richness is similar between the inner and outer West Johor Strait, but variations in community structure are apparent, likely driven by environmental differences. None of the taxa detected in a recent phytoplankton bloom along the West Johor Strait have been recovered in our samples, suggesting that background communities are distinct from bloom communities. The voluminous data obtained in this study contribute baseline information for Singapore’s phytoplankton communities and prompt future research and monitoring to adopt the approach established here.

scholarly journals Population growth rate as a basis for ecological risk assessment of toxic chemicals

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1425) ◽  
pp. 1299-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery E. Forbes ◽  
Peter Calow
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rate Analysis

Assessing the ecological risks of toxic chemicals is most often based on individual–level responses such as survival, reproduction or growth. Such an approach raises the following questions with regard to translating these measured effects into likely impacts on natural populations. (i) To what extent do individual–level variables underestimate or overestimate population–level responses? (ii) How do toxicant–caused changes in individual–level variables translate into changes in population dynamics for species with different life cycles? (iii) To what extent are these relationships complicated by population–density effects? These issues go to the heart of the ecological relevance of ecotoxicology and we have addressed them using the population growth rate as an integrating concept. Our analysis indicates that although the most sensitive individual–level variables are likely to be equally or more sensitive to increasing concentrations of toxic chemicals than population growth rate, they are difficult to identify a priori and, even if they could be identified, integrating impacts on key life–cycle variables via population growth rate analysis is nevertheless a more robust approach for assessing the ecological risks of chemicals. Populations living under density–dependent control may respond differently to toxic chemicals than exponentially growing populations, and greater care needs to be given to incorporating realistic density conditions (either experimentally or by simulation) into ecotoxicological test designs. It is impractical to expect full life–table studies, which record changes in survival, fecundity and development at defined intervals through the life cycle of organisms under specified conditions, for all relevant species, so we argue that population growth rate analysis should be used to provide guidance for a more pragmatic and ecologically sound approach to ecological risk assessment.

scholarly journals Systematic processing of ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing data

GigaScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Tremblay ◽  
Etienne Yergeau
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Data Types

Abstract Background With the advent of high-throughput sequencing, microbiology is becoming increasingly data-intensive. Because of its low cost, robust databases, and established bioinformatic workflows, sequencing of 16S/18S/ITS ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons, which provides a marker of choice for phylogenetic studies, has become ubiquitous. Many established end-to-end bioinformatic pipelines are available to perform short amplicon sequence data analysis. These pipelines suit a general audience, but few options exist for more specialized users who are experienced in code scripting, Linux-based systems, and high-performance computing (HPC) environments. For such an audience, existing pipelines can be limiting to fully leverage modern HPC capabilities and perform tweaking and optimization operations. Moreover, a wealth of stand-alone software packages that perform specific targeted bioinformatic tasks are increasingly accessible, and finding a way to easily integrate these applications in a pipeline is critical to the evolution of bioinformatic methodologies. Results Here we describe AmpliconTagger, a short rRNA marker gene amplicon pipeline coded in a Python framework that enables fine tuning and integration of virtually any potential rRNA gene amplicon bioinformatic procedure. It is designed to work within an HPC environment, supporting a complex network of job dependencies with a smart-restart mechanism in case of job failure or parameter modifications. As proof of concept, we present end results obtained with AmpliconTagger using 16S, 18S, ITS rRNA short gene amplicons and Pacific Biosciences long-read amplicon data types as input. Conclusions Using a selection of published algorithms for generating operational taxonomic units and amplicon sequence variants and for computing downstream taxonomic summaries and diversity metrics, we demonstrate the performance and versatility of our pipeline for systematic analyses of amplicon sequence data.

scholarly journals Endosymbiotic Bacteria in the Esophageal Organ of Glossiphoniid Leeches

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 4637-4641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitomo Kikuchi ◽  
Takema Fukatsu
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Specialized Structure ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT We characterized the intracellular symbiotic bacteria of the hematophagous glossiphoniid leeches Placobdelloides siamensis and a Parabdella sp. These leeches have a specialized structure called an “esophageal organ,” the cells of which harbor bacterial symbionts. From the esophageal organ of each species, a 1.5-kb eubacterial 16S rRNA gene segment was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Diagnostic PCR detected the symbiont in the esophageal organ and intestine. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene(s) demonstrated that the symbionts from the leeches formed a monophyletic group in a well-defined clade containing endosymbiotic bacteria of plant sap-feeding insects in the γ-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The nucleotide compositions of the 16S rRNA gene from the leech symbionts were highly AT biased (53.7%).

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