Immune response to Leishmania mexicana: the host–parasite relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra A Rodríguez-Serrato ◽  
Mario C Salinas-Carmona ◽  
Alberto Yairh Limón-Flores
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Leishmania Mexicana ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

ABSTRACT Leishmaniosis is currently considered a serious public health problem and it is listed as a neglected tropical disease by World Health Organization (WHO). Despite the efforts of the scientific community, it has not been possible to develop an effective vaccine. Current treatment consists of antimonials that is expensive and can cause adverse effects. It is essential to fully understand the immunopathogenesis of the disease to develop new strategies to prevent, treat and eradicate the disease. Studies on animal models have shown a new paradigm in the resolution or establishment of infection by Leishmania mexicana where a wide range of cytokines, antibodies and cells are involved. In recent years, the possibility of a new therapy with monoclonal antibodies has been considered, where isotype, specificity and concentration are critical for effective therapy. Would be better to create/generate a vaccine to induce host protection or produce passive immunization with engineering monoclonal antibodies to a defined antigen? This review provides an overview that includes the current known information on the immune response that are involved in the complex host–parasite relationship infection caused by L. mexicana.

Use of Logistic Equation for Detection of the Initial Parasitism Phase of Egyptian Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) in Tomato

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhonathan E. Ephrath ◽  
Josseph Hershenhorn ◽  
Guy Achdari ◽  
Shalom Bringer ◽  
Hanan Eizenberg
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Host Parasite

The dynamics of the host–parasite relationship between tomato cv. Brigade and Egyptian broomrape is temperature-related. This relationship was utilized for the development of an equation on the basis of thermal time (as measured by growing degree days, GDD, C) to predict the parasitism dynamics of Egyptian broomrape in tomato. To obtain a reliable prediction from thermal time values, studies based on a wide range of temperatures are essential. Four temperature-regime treatments and five levels of infestation with Egyptian broomrape seeds were tested in a multiclimate greenhouse (phytotron) and a temperature-controlled greenhouse, respectively. The day/night temperature regimes were 20/12 C, 23/15 C, 26/18 C, and 29/21 C and the infestation levels were 0 (noninfested control), 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg of Egyptian broomrape seeds per liter of soil. As expected, increasing temperature or infestation levels resulted in faster appearance and higher rate of attachments, respectively. The relation between development of attachments and GDD was described as a three-parameter logistic curve. In both temperature-regime and infestation-level experiments, the development of attachments began 200 GDD after planting and the maximal number of attachments was recorded 800 GDD after planting. A significant reduction in the aboveground biomass of the tomato plants due to increased Egyptian broomrape biomass was recorded only for the 26/18 C and 29/21 C day/night treatments and the three highest infestation levels (5, 10, and 25 mg L−1 soil). The ability to predict the start of parasitism can be used to develop a climate-based system for Egyptian broomrape control with herbicides.

Variation in the host-parasite relationship of a crop disease

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Arnold ◽  
S. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Relationship Of

SummaryVariations in the host–parasite relationship of bacterial blight of cotton, caused by Xanthomonas malvacearum, E. F. Smith (Dowson), axe elucidated in terms of the three main components of variation, namely, genetic variation in the host, genetic variation in the parasite and variations in environment.Although the relative resistance shown by host varieties differed both with the culture of the pathogen used for inoculation and with the environmental conditions, over-riding patterns of host resistance could be detected, showing that certain varieties maintained their resistance over a wide range of conditions.It was found that phage type in X. malvacearum was not related to virulence. Moreover, none of the cultures of the pathogen which had been isolated from different sources, could be shown to be identical when inoculated into a range of host varieties under a range of environmental conditions. It was concluded that the pathogen showed continuous variation in virulence and that it would be difficult and of little value to attempt to define races.Some success was achieved in relating observed variations in the host–parasite relationship to easily measured components of the environment, by using multiple regression analyses. It is suggested that this might provide a means of characterizing the complex variations observed and that the host–parasite relationship could be regarded as a dynamic system, in which disease expression is a function of the interactions of environmental factors and two polygenic systems, that of the host and that of the parasite.Intrapopulation variances were also studied in the host varieties. A population which showed little variation for resistance under one set of conditions might show considerable variation in a different environment or when inoculated with a different culture. It is suggested that selection for resistance under conditions which favour the expression of variation can lead, by repeated selection and inbreeding, to the production of resistant populations which retain their resistance under conditions in which the parental stocks showed no worthwhile resistance. These conclusions are discussed in relation to problems in resistance breeding and genetics.

scholarly journals Host-Parasite Relationship in Cystic Echinococcosis: An Evolving Story

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Siracusano ◽  
Federica Delunardo ◽  
Antonella Teggi ◽  
Elena Ortona
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

The larval stage ofEchinococcus granulosuscauses cystic echinococcosis, a neglected infectious disease that constitutes a major public health problem in developing countries. Despite being under constant barrage by the immune system,E. granulosusmodulates antiparasite immune responses and persists in the human hosts with detectable humoral and cellular responses against the parasite.In vitroandin vivoimmunological approaches, together with molecular biology and immunoproteomic technologies, provided us exciting insights into the mechanisms involved in the initiation ofE. granulosusinfection and the consequent induction and regulation of the immune response. Although the last decade has clarified many aspects of host-parasite relationship in human cystic echinococcosis, establishing the full mechanisms that cause the disease requires more studies. Here, we review some of the recent developments and discuss new avenues in this evolving story ofE. granulosusinfection in man.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptor Initiated Host Defense againstToxoplasma gondii

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Y. Denkers
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

Toxoplasma gondiiis an intracellular pathogen notable for its ability to establish a stable host-parasite relationship amongst a wide range of host species and in a large percentage of the human population. Toll-like receptor signaling through MyD88 is a critical pathway in initiating defense against this opportunistic protozoan and may also be a mediator of pathology during immune dysfunction. Other MyD88 independent signaling pathways are also involved in the host-parasite interaction. These responses can be triggered by the parasite itself, but interactions with the intestinal microbiota add additional complexity during enteric infection.

Susceptibilities of Various Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to Different Strains of the Parasite

1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F.A. Saoud
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

In the past two decades, considerable evidence has accumulated in the literature about the differences in the susceptibility of various intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to different strains of the parasite. Comprehensive studies on this aspect of host-parasite relationship have been published by Files & Cram (1949), Abdel-Malek (1950) and Files (1951). The results of more recent studies have been reported by Wright (1962) and Saoud (1964).In the present paper, the writer has studied the susceptibility of four intermediate hosts of S. mansoni from Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt and Tanganyika to some strains of the parasite.

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