Lineage-Specific Expansion of Vomeronasal Type 2 Receptor-Like (OlfC) Genes in Cichlids May Contribute to Diversification of Amino Acid Detection Systems

AbstractConsumption of high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic response (GR) food such as white rice has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have reported the ability of individual amino acids to reduce GR of carbohydrate-rich foods. Because of the bitter flavour of amino acids, they have rarely been used to reduce GR. We now report the use of a palatable, preformed amino acid mixture in the form of essence of chicken. In all, sixteen healthy male Chinese were served 68 or 136 ml amino acid mixture together with rice, or 15 or 30 min before consumption of white rice. Postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured at fasting and every 15 min after consumption of the meal until 60 min after the consumption of the white rice. Subsequent blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals until 210 min. The co-ingestion of 68 ml of amino acid mixture with white rice produced the best results in reducing the peak blood glucose and GR of white rice without increasing the insulinaemic response. It is postulated that amino acid mixtures prime β-cell insulin secretion and peripheral tissue uptake of glucose. The use of ready-to-drink amino acid mixtures may be a useful strategy for lowering the high-GI rice diets consumed in Asia.

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Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the nonstructural proteins of dengue type 2 virus, Jamaica genotype: Comparative analysis of the full-length genome

Virology ◽

10.1016/0042-6822(88)90677-0 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 165 (1) ◽

pp. 234-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Vincent Deubel ◽

Richard M. Kinney ◽

Dennis W. Trent

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Amino Acid Sequence ◽

Full Length ◽

Nonstructural Proteins ◽

Full Length Genome ◽

Dengue Type 2 Virus

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Nonenzymatic L-lysine amino acid detection using titanium oxide nanoparticles/multi wall carbon nanotube composite electrodes

Electrochimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.190 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 123 ◽

pp. 569-575 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Mohammad.Bagher. Gholivand ◽

Mojtaba. Shamsipur ◽

Nader. Amini

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Titanium Oxide ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Composite Electrodes ◽

Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Carbon Nanotube Composite ◽

Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube ◽

Amino Acid Detection

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Branched-chain amino acid metabolism is regulated by ERRα in primary human myotubes and is further impaired by glucose loading in type 2 diabetes

Diabetologia ◽

10.1007/s00125-021-05481-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rasmus J. O. Sjögren ◽

David Rizo-Roca ◽

Alexander V. Chibalin ◽

Elin Chorell ◽

Regula Furrer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Gene Set ◽

Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽

Human Myotubes ◽

Branched Chain ◽

The Impact

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Increased levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. However, most metabolomic studies are limited to an analysis of plasma metabolites under fasting conditions, rather than the dynamic shift in response to a metabolic challenge. Moreover, metabolomic profiles of peripheral tissues involved in glucose homeostasis are scarce and the transcriptomic regulation of genes involved in BCAA catabolism is partially unknown. This study aimed to identify differences in circulating and skeletal muscle BCAA levels in response to an OGTT in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or type 2 diabetes. Additionally, transcription factors involved in the regulation of the BCAA gene set were identified. Methods Plasma and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained from individuals with NGT or type 2 diabetes before and after an OGTT. Plasma and quadriceps muscles were harvested from skeletal muscle-specific Ppargc1a knockout and transgenic mice. BCAA-related metabolites and genes were assessed by LC-MS/MS and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Small interfering RNA and adenovirus-mediated overexpression techniques were used in primary human skeletal muscle cells to study the role of PPARGC1A and ESRRA in the expression of the BCAA gene set. Radiolabelled leucine was used to analyse the impact of oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) knockdown on leucine oxidation. Results Impairments in BCAA catabolism in people with type 2 diabetes under fasting conditions were exacerbated after a glucose load. Branched-chain keto acids were reduced 37–56% after an OGTT in the NGT group, whereas no changes were detected in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These changes were concomitant with a stronger correlation with glucose homeostasis biomarkers and downregulated expression of branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2, branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex subunits and 69% of downstream BCAA-related genes in skeletal muscle. In primary human myotubes overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α, encoded by PPARGC1A), 61% of the analysed BCAA genes were upregulated, while 67% were downregulated in the quadriceps of skeletal muscle-specific Ppargc1a knockout mice. ESRRA (encoding ERRα) silencing completely abrogated the PGC-1α-induced upregulation of BCAA-related genes in primary human myotubes. Conclusions/interpretation Metabolic inflexibility in type 2 diabetes impacts BCAA homeostasis and attenuates the decrease in circulating and skeletal muscle BCAA-related metabolites after a glucose challenge. Transcriptional regulation of BCAA genes in primary human myotubes via PGC-1α is ERRα-dependent. Graphical abstract

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