scholarly journals CONTROL OF ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA BY MULTIPLE ALLELIC SERIES OF THE GENES An1 AND An2

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
Anton G M Gerats ◽  
Eliane Farcy ◽  
Marco Wallroth ◽  
Steven P C Groot ◽  
André Schram
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Mutable Allele ◽  
Multiple Allelic Series ◽  
Composition Changes

ABSTRACT A mutable allele of the An1 locus in Petunia hybrida has given rise to a multiple series of stable derivative alleles. Anthocyanin concentration in mature flowers of these mutants (an1  +/p/an1) decreases from the wild-type red to the recessive white in a continuous series. Anthocyanin composition changes regularly: the ratio of peonidin to cyanidin is 3.5 for an an1  +/+/an1 and 1.2 for an an1  +/p5/an1 mutant. Analysis of anthocyanins during flower development indicates that these differences in composition are due to the specific state of the An1 locus and not to anthocyanin concentration. Anthocyanin concentration in flowers of the allelic series for An1 correlates with the activity of the enzymes UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase and SAM: anthocyanin-3′-O-methyltransferase. The same correlations were found for members of a comparable allelic series at the An2 locus. The possibility that the correlation between the enzyme activities is due to the occurrence of a multienzyme complex is discussed.

scholarly journals GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THREE DOMINANT FEMALE-STERILE MUTATIONS LOCATED ON THE X CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325
Author(s):  
D Busson ◽  
M Gans ◽  
K Komitopoulou ◽  
M Masson
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Recessive Mutation ◽  
Wild Type Allele ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Type Allele ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Female Germ Line

ABSTRACT Three dominant female-sterile mutations were isolated following ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Females heterozygous for two of these mutations show atrophy of the ovaries and produce no eggs (ovoD  1) or few eggs (ovoD  2); females heterozygous for the third mutation, ovoD  3, lay flaccid eggs. All three mutations are germ line-dependent and map to the cytological region 4D-E on the X chromosome; they represent a single allelic series. Two doses of the wild-type allele restore fertility to females carrying ovoD  3 and ovoD  2, but females carrying ovoD  1 and three doses of the wild-type allele remain sterile. The three mutations are stable in males but are capable of reversion in females; reversion of the dominant mutations is accompanied by the appearance, in the same region, of a recessive mutation causing female sterility. We discuss the utility of these mutations as markers of clones induced in the female germ line by mitotic recombination as well as the nature of the mutations.

Research note: Maternally-controlled ovule abortion results from cosuppression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase or flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase genes in Petunia hybrida

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Jorgensen ◽  
Qiudeng Que ◽  
Carolyn A. Napoli
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Direct Inhibition ◽  
Embryo Abortion ◽  
Maternal Tissue ◽  
Normal Seed

Transgenes designed to overexpress anthocyanin genes An6 (encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase) or Hf1 (encoding flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase) in Petunia hybrida L. produced flower colour phenotypes similar to those caused by sense cosuppression of chalcone synthase (Chs) genes. However, unlike Chs, sense cosuppression of An6 and Hf1 resulted in female infertility in transgenotes exhibiting complete phenotypic suppression of anthocyanins. Female sterility appeared to be due to embryo abortion, with discolouration of ovules first appearing about 4 d post-fertilization, followed by gradual collapse of the ovule. Pollen from cosuppressed, female-sterile transgenotes placed on wild-type stigmas produced normal seed set, indicating that sterility of cosuppressed plants was maternally controlled. We suggest an hypothesis that cosuppression of An6 and Hf1 leads to accumulation of dihydroflavonols in the seed coat, a maternal tissue, and that this accumulation inhibits embryo growth, either directly or indirectly. In this hypothesis, direct inhibition of embryo growth would require that dihydroflavonols diffuse from the seed coat into the embryo and act there, whereas indirect inhibition would require that dihydroflavonols interfere with some capacity of the seed coat to promote embryo growth.

CCR2 knockout exacerbates cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis with hyperglycemia via decreased GLP-1 receptor expression and insulin secretion

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (8) ◽  
pp. G700-G707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Nakamura ◽  
Takanori Kanai ◽  
Keita Saeki ◽  
Miho Takabe ◽  
Junichiro Irie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
The Relationship

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes insulin release; however, the relationship between the GLP-1 signal and chronic pancreatitis is not well understood. Here we focus on chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and its receptor (CCR2) axis, which regulates various immune cells, including macrophages, to clarify the mechanism of GLP-1-mediated insulin secretion in chronic pancreatitis in mice. One and multiple series of repetitive cerulein administrations were used to induce acute and chronic cerulein pancreatitis, respectively. Acute cerulein-administered CCR2-knockout (KO) mice showed suppressed infiltration of CD11b+Gr-1low macrophages and pancreatic inflammation and significantly upregulated insulin secretion compared with paired wild-type (WT) mice. However, chronic cerulein-administered CCR2-KO mice showed significantly increased infiltration of CD11b+/Gr-1− and CD11b+/Gr-1high cells, but not CD11b+/Gr-1low cells, in pancreas with severe inflammation and significantly decreased insulin secretion compared with their WT counterparts. Furthermore, although serum GLP-1 levels in chronic cerulein-administered WT and CCR2-KO mice were comparably upregulated after cerulein administrations, GLP-1 receptor levels in pancreases of chronic cerulein-administered CCR2-KO mice were significantly lower than in paired WT mice. Nevertheless, a significantly higher hyperglycemia level in chronic cerulein-administered CCR2-KO mice was markedly restored by treatment with a GLP-1 analog to a level comparable to the paired WT mice. Collectively, the CCR2/CCL2 axis-mediated CD11b+-cell migration to the pancreas is critically involved in chronic pancreatitis-mediated hyperglycemia through the modulation of GLP-1 receptor expression and insulin secretion.

A quantitative study of lateral branching in petunia

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley C. Snowden ◽  
Carolyn A. Napoli
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Lateral Branching ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Initial Zone

The monopodial shoot axis of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm) has two different patterns of branch development. Basal lateral branching develops acropetally and is limited to a discrete number of nodes that correlate with the late rosette phase of growth (Zone II). Two zones of suppressed buds immediately precede and follow this zone of branching. Apical branching occurs in response to flowering, develops in a basipetal direction, and is restricted to the distal-most nodes on the monopodial axis. When grown under a short-day regime, an extension to the basal branching zone occurs, and growth of the main shoot axis is retarded. The sym1 mutant has an overall decrease in basal lateral branching compared with wild type whereas the three dad mutants have increased basal branching. The dad1-1 and dad2-1 mutants have no initial zone of suppressed branching whereas the dad3 mutant has a similar Zone II to wild type, but with a greater potential to form branches within this zone. The dad1-1 mutant exhibits delayed flowering, but the dad1-1 sym1 double mutant flowers at a similar node number to wild-type and branching is similar to dad1-1 indicating that these two aspects of the mutant dad1-1 phenotype are independent.

scholarly journals Interaction of Genes for Flesh Color in Watermelon

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 602d-602
Author(s):  
Warren R. Henderson ◽  
Gregory H. Scott ◽  
Todd C. Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Action ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Multiple Allelic Series

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh color is controlled by several genes to produce red, canary yellow, salmon yellow, and orange. Our objective was to study the interaction of three gene loci with two or three alleles at each C (canary yellow vs. red), y (salmon yellow vs. red), yo (orange), and i (inhibitory to C permitting Y to produce red flesh color). Five crosses were used to study gene action: `Yellow Baby' × `Sweet Princess', `Yellow Baby' × `Tendersweet Orange Flesh', `Yellow Baby' × `Golden Honey', `Yellow Doll' × `Tendersweet Orange Flesh', and `Yellow Doll' × `Golden Honey'. Based on the performance of six generations (PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B), the parents had the following genotypes: `Yellow Baby' = CCYYII, `Yellow Doll' = CCYYII, `Sweet Princess' = ccYY ii, `Tendersweet Orange Flesh' = ccyoyoII, and `Golden Honey' = ccyyII. Segregation of flesh colors in the progeny of the five families demonstrated that there was a multiple allelic series at the y locus, where YY (red) was dominant to yo yo (orange) and yy (yellow). Also, yoyo was dominant to yy. In conclusion, epistasis is involved in genes for the major flesh colors in watermelon, with ii inhibitory to CC (Canary), resulting in red flesh, and CC in the absence of ii epistatic to YY, producing canary flesh.

scholarly journals Ds-INDUCED ALLELES AT THE OPAQUE-2 LOCUS OF MAIZE

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Mario Motto ◽  
Renzo Marotta ◽  
Natale Di Fonzo ◽  
Carlo Soave ◽  
Francesco Salamini
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Transposon Mutagenesis ◽  
Dna Fragments ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Somatic Instability ◽  
Mutable Allele ◽  
Recessive Phenotype ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Ds Element

ABSTRACT Transposon mutagenesis has been used to isolate mutable alleles at the Opaque-2 (O2) locus of maize. Plants with the Activator-Dissociation (Ac-Ds) system of transposable elements and O2 were crossed as males to a stable o2 tester line. Among a population of 200,000 kernels, 198 exceptional kernels with somatic instability were recovered. In four cases, designated O2-m1, o2-m2, O2-m3 and O2-m4, variegated phenotypes appeared in F2 and subsequent generations. Genetic analyses indicated that the presence of Ds near or within the O2 gene was responsible for the observed somatic instability at the O2 locus. The phenotypes of the newly induced alleles were of two types. Alleles O2-m1, O2-m3 and O2-m4, in the absence of Ac, were characterized by kernel phenotypes indistinguishable from the wild type; in the presence of Ac they generated kernels with opaque sectors interspersed within a vitreous background. In contrast, the mutable allele o2-m2, in the absence of Ac, was characterized by kernels with a recessive phenotype similar to o2 recessive mutants. In the presence of Ac, it reverted somatically to wild-type-producing kernels with vitreous spots in an o2 background. The association of the Ds element with the O2 locus may prove a valuable tool directed to the isolation of DNA fragments bearing the O2 gene.

scholarly journals Triticum Aestivum L. cv. Guizi 1 ANS-6D Positively Regulates Leaf Senescence Through the Abscisic Acid Mediated Chlorophyll Degradation in Tobacco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luhua Li ◽  
Chang An ◽  
Zhongni Wang ◽  
Fumin Xiong ◽  
Yingxi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Chlorophyll Degradation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transgenic Lines

Abstract Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) is involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins, which are important phytonutrients because of their beneficial effects on human health. Here, we identified ANS-6D of purple-colored Triticum aestivum L. cv. Guizi 1 (Gz) that is involved in leaf senescence through the abscisic acid (ABA) mediated chlorophyll degradation pathway in tobacco. After characterizing the leaf-senescence phenotype in GzANS-6D overexpression (OxGzANS-6D) lines, we found that the increased anthocyanin accumulation and decreased chlorophyll content in OxGzANS-6D lines were closely correlated with the expression levels of anthocyanin synthesis-related structural genes and senescence marker genes, as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The endogenous ABA content increased and ethylene content decreased in OxGzANS-6D transgenic lines compared with wild type. Additionally, the levels of the abscisic acid-responsive transcription factors ABF1 and ABF2, as well as those of chlorophyll degradation-related genes (PAO, NYC, SGR and CHL), were significantly higher in OxGzANS-6D transgenic lines than in wild type. Furthermore, we found that GzABF1 and NtABF1 binds to the promoter of GzANS-6D, and NtABF2 binds to the promoter of NtSGR. Thus, GzANS-6D participated in leaf senescence through ABA-mediated chlorophyll degradation, and ABF1/2 play important role in GzANS-6D functions.

Anthocyanin synthesis in a white flowering mutant of Petunia hybrida by a complementation technique

Planta ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. F. Kho ◽  
G. J. H. Bennink ◽  
H. Wiering
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis

Inheritance of a mutable phenotype that is activated in alfalfa tissue culture

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Ray ◽  
E. T. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Reversion Frequency ◽  
Dosage Effects ◽  
Mutable Allele ◽  
Basic Color ◽  
Unstable Transmission

Mutable alleles, typically regulated by transposable elements, have been identified in a number of plant species. Tissue culture induced genomic shocks may activate such elements. A mutable recessive condition arose in tissue culture of alfalfa and was highly unstable in subsequent cycles of culture. The mutable allele, designated c2-m4, is allelic to the C2 locus, a basic color factor locus involved in anthocyanin synthesis. Current research has focused on the inheritance and instability of c2-m4 in new genetic backgrounds as well as on dosage effects of the allele. We have confirmed a previous report that c2-m4 reverts to function at much higher frequencies in vitro (reversion frequency ca. 0.23) than in planta (reversion frequency < 0.001). Over sexual generations c2-m4 continues to be unstable. Transmission of the mutable phenotype to selfed, testcross, and F2 populations demonstrated monofactorial inheritance patterns (P > 0.25). In populations expected to have some plants carrying two or more c2-m4 alleles, individuals were found that reverted in vitro at significantly higher frequencies than their parent (0.67 ± 0.04 and 0.44 ± 0.08 versus 0.20 ± 0.09). In planta reversion also increased with increasing c2-m4 dosage. Preliminary evidence indicates that as c2-m4 dosage increases, each allele maintains its original capacity to revert.Key words: somaclonal variation, transposable element, tissue culture, mutable allele.

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