Formation of grain sorghum grain yield by different systems of shoots depending on crop fertilizer

The article highlights the main results of research conducted in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on typical soils of the zone – dark gray podzolic coarse-grained light loam to study the productivity of sorghum grain variety Armida. The efficiency of seed treatment with biological preparation, mineral fertilizers, foliar fertilization and nitrogen fertilization during the growing season on crop productivity was established. The combination of these components provides an increase in crop yields. The fertilizer system, which provided for the introduction of N60P60K60, turned out to be optimal for sorghum cultivation. Crop productivity with this technology was 8,49 t/ha, and for sowing seeds treated with biological preparation – increased by 32%.The productivity of the crop increased by 30,6% and with complex application – seed treatment, application of N60P60K60 in the main and application of microfertilizer in foliar fertilization, compared to the option without seed treatment (7,74 t/ha).The percentage of grain of the main shoot, panicle and tillering shoots in the biological yield of the crop is determined. It is determined that the main panicle always has a higher percentage (62,8–70,4) in the formation of crop productivity. The growth of the role of the main shoot in the formation of the overall biological yield depends on the smaller number of side shoots.

The structure of productivity elements of durum wheat varieties of Saratov selection

The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf., permitted for use at different times in the period from 1975 to 2014. An analysis of the elements of ear productivity in durum wheat plants of Saratov varieties under the conditions of 2020 was carried out. The varietal features of the development of the spike of the main shoot were revealed according to a number of characteristics: the number of spikelets in a spike, the number of grains in an ear, the weight of a grain, the number of ungrained and grained spikelets. The height of the plant and the length of the spike were measured. On the basis of the data obtained, the selection indices were calculated – the Canadian index, the Mexican index, the index of the linear density of the ear, the morphogenetic index of productivity. A cultivar with a balanced type of morphogenetic systems was revealed in terms of the elements of ear productivity – the number of spikelets, the number of caryopses and their weight – Luch 25. This cultivar is characterized by the most developed embryonic shoot among the studied cultivars, as well as the maximum length of the embryonic root system and a high growth rate root system of the seedling.

Results of Introduction of Jasminum sambac in Absheron

Bioecologıcal features, propagation methods root system and agrotechnics of Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac) which belonging to Lian group plants have been presented in the paper. The light-loving Arabian jasmine plant is grown in shaded conditions, yellowness is observed on the shoots, which leads to growth retardation have shown in results of studies. The studies were carried out in various conditions — in the shadow, on light, under the sun. In plants grown in the shade in the summer (July-August), the growth of the main shoot was not observed, compared with plants grown in direct rays in January-February, which, had growth in contrast to them, Highest results were obtained in August using green cuttings under studying of the reproduction of Jasminum sambac. No diseases have been observed in these plants, but they were susceptible to pests such as Aphidoidea, Diaspididae and Aleyrodidae during the research. Bioecological features of species, easily propagation by vegetative way, decorative appearance throughout the year allow us to use them design of interiors with plants has revealed.

The GA 20-Oxidase Encoding Gene MSD1 Controls the Main Stem Elongation in Medicago truncatula

Plant height is an important agronomic trait that is closely related to biomass yield and crop production. Despite legumes comprise one of the largest monophyletic families that are second only to grasses in terms of economic and nutritional values, due to an ancient genome duplication event, most legume plants have complex genomes, thus the molecular mechanisms that determine plant height are less known in legumes. Here, we report the identification and characterization of MAIN STEM DWARF1 (MSD1), which is required for the plant height in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Loss of function of MSD1 leads to severely reduced main stem height but normal lateral branch elongation in M. truncatula. Histological analysis revealed that the msd1-1 main stem has shorter internodes with reduced cell size and number compared with the wild type, indicating that MSD1 affects cell elongation and cell proliferation. MSD1 encodes a putative GA 20-oxidase that is expressed at significantly higher levels in the main shoot apex than in the lateral shoot apices, suggesting that MSD1 expression is associated with its effect on the main stem elongation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that GA9 and GA4, two identified products of the GA 20-oxidase, were severely reduced in msd1-1, and the dwarf phenotype of msd1-1 could be rescued by supplementation with gibberellic acid GA3, confirming that MSD1 functions as a biologically active GA 20-oxidase. Moreover, we found that disruption of either MtGA20ox7 or MtGA20ox8, homologs of MSD1, has little effects on the elongation of the main stem, while the msd1-1 mtga20ox7-1 mtga20ox8 triple mutants exhibits a severe short main shoot and lateral branches, as well as reduced leaf size, suggesting that MSD1 and its homologs MtGA20ox7 and MtGA20ox8, redundantly regulate M. truncatula shoot elongation and leaf development. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of MSD1-mediated regulation of main stem elongation in M. truncatula and provide insights into understanding the functional diversity of GA 20-oxidases in optimizing plant architecture in legumes.

NEW VARIETY OF SPRING RAPESEED 'VELES'

The results of breeding a promising variety of spring rapeseed 'Veles' are presented. The variety was created using chemical mutagenesis. The seeds of the 'Vikros' variety were treated with ethylmethanesul-fonate at a concentration of 0.03%, followed by the selection of lines characterized by early maturity, re-sistance to lodging, and improved biochemical composition of the seeds. The line № 834-16 is distin-guished by the accelerated development, the changed architectonics of the plant. The growth of lateral shoots begins from the base of the main shoot, the lower internodes are shortened, which increases the resistance of plants to lodging. Side shoots of the first order begin to bloom almost simultaneously with the main shoot. Flowering and maturation of seeds on shoots of different orders takes place simultaneous-ly with the central one, which contributes to the friendly maturation and equalization of the obtained seeds. Seeds are characterized by an increased fat content, contain less fiber. The content of crude fat va-ries from 47.4 to 48.8%, crude protein — 19.7–24.4%, crude fiber — 6.52–7.62%. In the composition of fatty acids, the content of valuable oleic acid is 7.15% higher than of standard. The average seed yield for 3 years of testing is 3.28 t/ha, which is 0.64 t/ha higher than the standard. The line was transferred to the State Commission for Variety Testing and Protection of Breeding Achievements under the name 'Veles'. The variety is resistant to lodging. Guarantees the production of 28–32 t/ha of green mass with a yield of up to 6 t/ha of dry matter. The low content of glucosinolates in seeds (11.6–13.9 mmol/g) will allow the use of seeds, cake and meal when feeding animals in high doses. The variety is approved for use from 2021 in 4 regions of the Russian Federation: North-West, Central, Ural and West Siberian.

Unraveling the Relationship Between Seed Yield and Yield-Related Traits in a Diversity Panel of Brassica juncea Using Multi-Traits Mixed Model

The response to selection in any crop improvement program depends on the degree of variance and heritability. The objective of the current study was to explain variance and heritability components in Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L). Czern & Coss to recognize promising genotypes for effective breeding. Two hundred and eighty-nine diverse accessions of Indian mustard belonging to four continents were analyzed for yield and yield-related traits (20 traits) over two seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) using an alpha lattice design. The genetic variance was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.01) for the individual and under pooled analysis for all of the evaluated traits, demonstrating the presence of significant genetic variability in the diversity panel, which bids greater opportunities for utilizing these traits in future breeding programs. High heritability combined with high genetic advance as percent of mean and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for flowering traits, plant height traits, seed size, and seed yield/plant; hence, a better genetic gain is expected upon the selection of these traits over subsequent generations. Both correlation and stepwise regression analysis indicated that the main shoot length, biological yield, total seed yield, plant height up to the first primary branch, seed size, total siliqua count, days to flowering initiation, plant height at maturity, siliquae on the main shoot, main shoot length, and siliqua length were the most significant contributory traits for seed yield/plant. Also, promising genotypes were identified among the diversity panel, which can be utilized as a donor to improve Indian mustard further. These results indicated a greater scope for improving seed yield per plant directly through a selection of genotypes having the parsimonious combination of these nine traits.

RESPONSE OF YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTING TRAITS FOR VARIOUS NITROGEN REGIMES IN INDIAN MUSTARD [BRASSICA JUNCEA (L.) CZERN. AND COSS.]

The research endeavor to study the effect of nitrogen levels on yield and its attributing traits including both quantitative and qualitative characters was undertaken by utilizing eleven diverse commercial Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars and forty-five hybrids raised in alpha lattice design with two replications under three nitrogen levels viz., control; 75 kg Nitrogen /ha and 150 kg Nitrogen /ha. at the experimental farm of Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar Punjab. The traits viz., days to flower initiation, 50 percent flowering and maturity; plant height; number of secondary branches; test weight; seed yield; harvest index; oil content; seed & chaff nitrogen and Seed & Chaff Nitrogen uptake increased with the increase in nitrogen levels. On the other hand, the number of seeds per siliqua decreased with the increase in Nitrogen level. Some traits viz. Number of Primary branches & Siliqua on main shoot; length of main shoot and biological yield were found unaffected and didn’t depicted a clear trend at Nitrogen levels under study.

Photosynthetic activity of Triticum carthlicum Nevski. (=Triticum persicum Vav.) variety samples in the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Trans-Urals

The studies of plants’ assimilation activity of the Triticum carthlicum Nevski. (=Triticum persicum Vav.) tetraploid species’ variety samples have been carried out in the subtaiga zone (Aromashevo) and the northern forest-steppe zone (Tyumen). The number of leaves on plants by zones varied from three to five. Measurements showed that the lamina length varied from 6.4-23.7% in the northern forest-steppe zone and from 0 to 21.9% in Aromashevo. The lamina area on the main shoot of the Triticum carthlicum Nevski variety samples in the northern forest-steppe zone amounted to 62.3 cm2, which was 26 cm2 less than in the subtaiga zone. Calculation of net photosynthetic productivity in northern forest-steppe zone showed that Triticum carthlicum Nevski variety samples formed from 10.864g*m2/day to 20.764 g*m2/day, giving way to durum and soft wheat. In the subtaiga zone, PPn of Triticum carthlicum Nevski wheat varied from 9.088 to 13.827 g*m2/day, significantly yielding Bezenchukskaya 139 variety.

Effects of limited irrigation water volumes on near-isohydric ‘Montepulciano’ vines trained to overhead trellis system

The thermal increase, due to the changed climatic context, is leading to marked variations in the yield and quality of the grapes and causing an increase in the use of water resources in several viticultural areas. Nevertheless, in some environments, rainfalls are scarce and there is no water availability. In this study, we compared the impact of low water irrigation volumes (DI, replacement of 70% of crop evapotranspiration) with respect to non-irrigated vines (NI), on the physiological, yield and qualitative performances of near-isohydric variety ‘Montepulciano’, trained to overhead trellis system, which requires a high-water supply. The stomatal conductance and photosynthesis values, in basal and median leaves, were higher in DI vines. All NI leaves suffered water stress, showing in the youngest leaves (position 20 and 25 along the main shoot) higher carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) (− 25.38‰ and 25–25.77‰, respectively). At harvest, DI vines showed yield higher of 30% and 33% than NI vines in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and 18% in 2007. In environments with prolonged water shortage and low water resource, near-isohydric ‘Montepulciano’ vines, trained to overhead trellis system and irrigated with limited volumes, determined a significant improvement of ‘vineyard efficiency’ with a yield of 19.2 t/ha with respect to 13.4 t/ha of NI vines, ensuring also more sugar content (+ 31%), anthocyanin concentration (+ 13%) and polyphenolic substances (+ 8%) than NI vines.

Combining Ability Studies Based on Mori CMS System in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.]

An experiment for Line x tester analysis was carried out to estimate combining ability effects of 50 hybrids developed by crossing of 10 Mori CMS lines with five restorers in Indian mustard. The F1 hybrids along with parental genotypes planted at Oilseeds Research Area, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar India during 2018-19. Data recorded for 12 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, main shoot length (cm), numbers of siliquae on main shoot, siliquae length (cm), number of seeds per siliquae, 1000-seed weight (g), oil content (%) and seed yield per plant (g). Analysis of variance revealed sufficient genetic variability present among lines, testers and crosses for most of the traits. There was presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions with preponderance of non-additive gene action in controlling yield and component traits. On the basis of overall performance of parents, line MA-023 and tester MR-38 were found the best general combiners for majority of component traits including seed yield per plant. Other three lines viz; MA-8701, MA-8812 and MA-9301 were also observed as good general combiners for most of component traits including seed yield per plant. Tester MR-43 and MR-44 were found good general combiner for earliness. On the basis of per se performance and specific combining ability, crosses namely MA-9301 x MR-44, MA-8701 x MR-38 and MA-9705 x MR-31 were observed as superior cross combinations for seed yield in desirable direction.