scholarly journals Genetic Interactions Among Sex-Determining Genes in the Fern Ceratopteris richardii

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 973-985
Author(s):  
James R Eberle ◽  
Jo Ann Banks
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Analysis ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Sex Type

Abstract Haploid gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris are either male or hermaphroditic. The determinant of sex type is the pheromone antheridiogen, which is secreted by the hermaphrodite and directs male development of young, sexually undetermined gametophytes. Three phenotypic classes of mutations that affect sex-determination were previously isolated and include the hermaphroditic (her), the transformer (tra) and feminization (fem) mutations. In the present study, linkage analysis and tests of epistasis among the different mutants have been performed to assess the possible interactions among these genes. The results indicate that sex determination in Ceratopteris involves at least seven interacting genes in addition to antheridiogen, the primary sex-determining signal. Two models describing how antheridiogen may influence the activity states of these genes and the sex of the gametophyte are discussed.

Antheridiogen concentration and spore size predict gametophyte size in Ceratopteris richardii

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Ganger ◽  
Tiffany Sturey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Environmental Sex Determination ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii ◽  
Spore Size ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Homosporous Fern ◽  
Type C ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Genetic Mutants

In many plants females invest more in reproduction than males. In organisms that exhibit environmental sex determination, individuals in low-quality environments or who are slow growing are expected to develop into males. The gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii Brongn., a homosporous fern, may develop as males or hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites secrete a pheromone called antheridiogen that induces undifferentiated spores to develop as males. Given that induction is not 100% in the presence of antheridiogen, it is hypothesized that resources may alter C. richardii gender decisions. An experiment was undertaken to determine (i) whether spore size predicts gender, (ii) whether spore size predicts gametophyte size, (iii) whether antheridiogen negatively affects the growth of C. richardii, and (iv) whether wild-type C. richardii and him1 mutants (genetic mutants disposed to male development regardless of antheridiogen presence) behave similarly in their response to antheridiogen. Spore size was not predictive of gender but was positively related to both male and hermaphrodite gametophyte size. Antheridiogen was found to slow the growth of male and hermaphrodite gametophytes of the wild type and male gametophytes of the him1 mutant. These results are supportive of the idea that gender may be determined indirectly through antheridiogen’s effect on gametophyte growth.

scholarly journals Sex-determining genes in the homosporous fern Ceratopteris

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 1949-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Regulatory Pathway ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Gene Mutant ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Homosporous Fern ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Sporophyte Development

Haploid Ceratopteris gametophytes are either hermaphroditic or male. The determinate of sex type is the pheromone antheridiogen (ACE) which is secreted by the meristic hermaphrodite and promotes ameristic male development of sexually undetermined gametophytes. Several mutations effecting the sex of the haploid gametophyte have been isolated and are described. The hermaphroditic (her) mutants are insensitive to ACE and develop as meristic hermaphrodites. These mutations effect ameristic male development in the presence of ACE but have no effect on hermaphroditic development. While most her mutations also have no effect on diploid sporophyte development, some partially ACE-insensitive her mutations have profound effects on sporophyte development. The transformer (tra) mutation effects both meristem and archegonia formation and causes the gametophyte to be an ameristic male under conditions that promote hermaphroditic development. The feminization (fem) mutation effects antheridia development in both male and hermaphroditic gametophytes and causes the gametophyte to develop as a meristic female in the absence or presence of the pheromone. The her1 tra1 double mutant is male in the absence or presence of ACE, indicating that tra1 is epistatic to her1. The phenotypes of her1, tra1 and fem1 single gene mutant phenotypes and the her1 tra1 double mutant phenotype are used to deduce a model suggesting how the products of these genes might interact in a regulatory pathway to control sex determination.

The effects of light on sex determination in gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii

2007 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kamachi ◽  
Orie Iwasawa ◽  
Leslie G. Hickok ◽  
Masaaki Nakayama ◽  
Munenori Noguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii

scholarly journals The Caenorhabditis elegans gene sdc-2 controls sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals.

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Nusbaum ◽  
B J Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Linked Gene ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Coordinate Control

Abstract We have identified a new X-linked gene, sdc-2, that controls the hermaphrodite (XX) modes of both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in sdc-2 cause phenotypes that appear to result from a shift of both the sex determination and dosage compensation processes in XX animals to the XO modes of expression. Twenty-eight independent sdc-2 mutations have no apparent effect in XO animals, but cause two distinct phenotypes in XX animals: masculinization, reflecting a defect in sex determination, and lethality or dumpiness, reflecting a disruption in dosage compensation. The dosage compensation defect can be demonstrated directly by showing that sdc-2 mutations cause elevated levels of several X-linked transcripts in XX but not XO animals. While the masculinization is blocked by mutations in sex determining genes required for male development (her-1 and fem-3), the lethality, dumpiness and overexpression of X-linked genes are not, indicating that the effect of sdc-2 mutations on sex determination and dosage compensation are ultimately implemented by two independent pathways. We propose a model in which sdc-2 is involved in the coordinate control of both sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals and acts in the regulatory hierarchy at a step prior to the divergence of the two pathways.

scholarly journals SEX DETERMINATION IN THE NEMATODE C. ELEGANS: ANALYSIS OF tra-3 SUPPRESSORS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF fem GENES

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-52
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hodgkin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Female Development ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Maternal Contribution ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Extragenic Suppressors

ABSTRACT Mutations of the gene tra-3 result in partial masculinization of XX animals of C. elegans, which are normally hermaphrodites (males are XO). A total of 43 tra-3 revertants (one intragenic, 42 extragenic) have been isolated and analyzed, in the hope of identifying new sex-determination loci. Most (38) of the extragenic suppressors cause partial or complete feminization of XX and XO animals; the remaining four are weak suppressors. The feminizing suppressors are mostly alleles of known sex-determining genes: tra-1 (11 dominant alleles), tra-2 (one dominant allele), fem-1 (four alleles) and fem-2 (four alleles), but 18 are alleles of a new gene, fem-3. Additional alleles have been isolated for the fem-2 and fem-3 genes, as well as fem-3 deficiencies. Mutations in fem-3 resemble alleles of fem-1 (previously characterized): putative null alleles result in complete feminization of XX and XO animals, transforming them into fertile females. Severe alleles of fem-2 also cause complete feminization of XX animals at all temperatures, but feminization of fem-2 XO animals is temperature-sensitive: complete at 25°, incomplete at 20°. As with fem-1, severe mutations of fem-2 and fem-3 are wholly epistatic to masculinizing alleles of tra-2 and tra-3, and epistatic to tra-1 masculinizing alleles in the germline, but not in the soma. All three fem genes are essential for male development and appear to have a dual role in promoting spermatogenesis and repressing tra-1 activity. All three fem genes exhibit strong maternal effects; the maternal contribution of fem gene products may be inactivated in XX animals by a posttranscriptional mechanism. Maternal contributions of wild-type fem-3 product are necessary for normal XO male development and XX hermaphrodite (as opposed to female) development.

scholarly journals A soil bacterium alters sex determination and rhizoid development in gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii

AoB Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Ganger ◽  
Rachel Hiles ◽  
Haley Hallowell ◽  
Lauren Cooper ◽  
Nicole McAllister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Soil Bacterium ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii

scholarly journals PCR Detection Assay for Sex Determination in Papaya Using Scar Marker

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanupriya Chaturvedi ◽  
Padmakar Bommisetty ◽  
Arpita Pattanaik ◽  
Vasugi Chinnaiyan ◽  
Dinesh M. Ramachandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Scar Marker ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Blind Test ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Detection Assay ◽  
Sex Type

Abstract Papaya (Carica papaya L., 2n = 18), a polygamous angiosperm, is a major fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions. It is trioecious with three sex forms: male, female, and hermaphrodite, where sex determination is controlled by the XY chromosome pair with two slightly different Y chromosomes i.e. Y for male and Y’1 for hermaphrodite. Sex type determination in papaya, which cannot be determined either by embryo shape or morphology at the juvenile developmental stage, is an essential pre-requisite for crop improvement processes as it helps in identification of fruitful plants. Hence, molecular profiling could be used as an alternative that provides a quick and reliable identification of sex types in plantlets at initial stages only. In the present study we have validated the sex-linked sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker W11 using PCR detection assay among different cultivars of papaya i.e. dioecious with either female or male and gynodioecious with either female or hermaphrodites and also performed a double-blind test for validating the seedlings of 84 F1 plants, which resulted in their sex determination. The assay clearly gives 800 bp band in male plants in dioecious types and hermaphrodite in gynodioecious plants.

scholarly journals A linkage analysis of sex determination in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Heredity ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gadau ◽  
Christine U Gerloff ◽  
Nadia Krüger ◽  
Helen Chan ◽  
Paul Schmid-Hempel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Analysis ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Bombus Terrestris

Effects of variation in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus molarity and stoichiometry on sex determination in the fern Ceratopteris richardii

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor T. Goodnoe ◽  
Jeffrey P. Hill ◽  
Ken Aho
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Sex Expression ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Nutrient Effects

Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) are needed by all organisms for basic biological processes. When an individual macronutrient is not accessible, nutrient limitation occurs. The stochiometric balance between multiple nutrients and individual concentrations are both vital for normal growth and development. Labile sex expression in plants is a phenotypic trait predicted to be sensitive to local nutrient conditions because males and females differ in their nutritional demands. We applied concepts from ecological stoichiometry to assess the effects of variation in individual nutrient concentration and multiple macronutrient stoichiometry on sexual development in the fern Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. Manipulation of N, P, and organic and inorganic C was expected to yield variation in the ratio of males to females, consistent with environmental sex-determination theory. Our results suggest nutrient stoichiometry, not strictly concentration, influences sex determination at ambient CO2. However, an early response to population density preempted nutrient effects in elevated CO2 environments with exogenous glucose, in which C. richardii gametophytes presumably grow naturally. Although sex determination is not nutrient-dependent in the latter environment, C:N in the dry mass of meristic gametophytes is influenced by the external nutrient context, suggesting sex determination takes place before abiotic environmental factors subsequently influence plant nutrient uptake.

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