scholarly journals Age Differences in Intertemporal Choice: The Role of Task Type, Outcome Characteristics, and Covariates

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna E Löckenhoff ◽  
Gregory R Samanez-Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Outcome Valence

Abstract Objectives Prior research has revealed age differences in the preferred timing of monetary outcomes, but results are inconsistent across studies. The present study examined the role of task type, outcome characteristics, and a range of theoretically implicated covariates that may contribute to variations in age effects. Method Two types of intertemporal choice paradigms (temporal discounting and sequence construction) were administered to a diverse life-span sample (n = 287, aged 18–87). The design experimentally manipulated outcome delay (months vs years), amount (hundreds vs thousands), and valence (gain vs loss) while statistically controlling for a range of potential covariates including demographics, affect, personality, time perspective, subjective health, and numeracy. Results In the temporal discounting task, no significant age differences were observed and this pattern did not differ by outcome delay, amount, or valence. In the sequence-construction task, age was associated with a preference for sequences of decreasing impact in the gain condition but not in the loss condition, whereas outcome delay and amount did not moderate age effects. Age patterns in discounting and sequences preferences remained unchanged after controlling for covariates. Discussion These findings converge with prior studies reporting weak or null effects of age in temporal discounting tasks and suggest that inconsistent results are not due to variations in outcome valence, delay, or amount across studies. Findings also add to the scarce evidence for age differences sequence-preferences. After discussing methodological limitations, we consider implications for future research and practice.

Temporal Discounting Across Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽  
Sade J Abiodun ◽  
Zöe Fenn ◽  
Gregory Russell Samanez-Larkin ◽  
Rui Mata
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Age Differences ◽  
Choice Tasks

A number of developmental theories have been proposed that make differential predictions about the links between age and temporal discounting; that is, the valuation of rewards at different points in time. Most empirical studies examining adult age differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller, sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one. Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results. Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting a preregistered systematic literature search and meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N = 104,736), we found no reliable relation between age and temporal discounting (r = -0.081, 95% CI [-0.185, 0.025]). We also found little evidence of publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of moderators found no effect of experimental design (e.g., extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical vs. rewards), amount of delay (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior (e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12 participant-level data sets found little support for a nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that adult age is not reliably associated with individual differences in temporal discounting. We provide recommendations for future empirical work on temporal discounting across the adult life span.

Age differences in temporal discounting: The role of dispositional affect and anticipated emotions.

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna E. Löckenhoff ◽  
Ted O'Donoghue ◽  
David Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Anticipated Emotions

scholarly journals Socioemotional Goals and Definitions of Emotion Terms: A Qualitative Analysis Across Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 774-774
Author(s):  
Irina Orlovsky ◽  
Rebecca Ready ◽  
Bruna Martins-Klein
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Socioemotional Selectivity ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
Social Partners

Abstract Major theories of adult development posit that knowledge about emotion might evolve across the lifespan. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) and the Strength and Vulnerability Integration (SAVI) models imply that the manner in which older (OA) and younger adults (YA) conceptualize emotions may differ in valence, arousal, reference to social partners, time perspective, and the self. Quantitative accounts of age differences in conceptualizations of emotion-terms offer mixed support for theoretical expectations, but many predictions have yet to be tested qualitatively. In this study, 90 OA and 210 YA provided narrative descriptions of 11 (5 positive, 6 negative) emotion-terms. Responses were coded on valence, reference to self/others, and arousal. O/YA used similar synonyms to define emotion-terms. As predicted, YA used high arousal language in their definitions of negative (OR = 10.29, p = 0.018) and positive terms more than OA (i.e. Happy: OR = 1.27, p<0.001); OA referenced other persons such as family and friends (pos: OR = 0.13, p<0.001; neg: OA = 0.32, p=0.002) more than YA. Contrary to predictions, OA self-referenced more often than YA in positive (OR = 0.12, p=0.001) and negative definitions (OR= 0.11, p=0.004); this may be attributed to OA providing more situational examples in their responses than YA. Somewhat consistent with SAVI and SST, OA may reference high-arousal states less when conceptualizing emotions and associate their definitions more with social partners than YA. Future research should address OA greater use of situational examples when defining emotion terms, motivational factors and emotional impact of these age differences.

scholarly journals Decision making: effects of methylphenidate on temporal discounting in nonhuman primates

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Z. Rajala ◽  
Rick L. Jenison ◽  
Luis C. Populin
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Delayed Reward

Decisions are often made based on which option will result in the largest reward. When given a choice between a smaller but immediate reward and a larger delayed reward, however, humans and animals often choose the smaller, an effect known as temporal discounting. Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is central to reward processing and encodes delayed reward value. Impulsivity, the tendency to act without forethought, is associated with excessive discounting of rewards, which has been documented in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both impulsivity and temporal discounting are linked to the dopaminergic system. Methylphenidate (MPH), which blocks the DA transporter and increases extracellular levels of DA in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, is a primary treatment for ADHD and, at low doses, ameliorates impulsivity in both humans and animals. This study tested the hypothesis that low doses of MPH would decrease the discounting rate of rhesus monkeys performing an intertemporal choice task, suggesting a reduction in impulsivity. The results support this hypothesis and provide further evidence for the role of DA in temporal discounting and impulsive behavior.

scholarly journals Gender and Age Differences in the Sharing Behavior of Online Video Advertisements: The Case of Selangor, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Nik Mohamad Shamim Nik Mohd Zainordin ◽  
Norazlyn Kamal Basha ◽  
Ho Jo Ann ◽  
Ng Siew Imm
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Gender And Age Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sharing Behavior

Gender and age are considered important demographic factors that influence consumers’ behavioral intention, especially pertaining to video advertisements. However, limited research has examined the impact of gender and age on consumers’ sharing behavior of online video advertisements (OVAs) in Selangor, Malaysia. The aim of this paper is therefore to examine the role of gender and age in the intention to share OVAs in Selangor. Survey data was collected from 180 Millennial respondents in Selangor and analyzed using t-test and ANOVA to detect gender and age differences in the intention to share OVAs. The results indicated that gender and age have significantly distinct impacts on the intention to share OVAs among Millennials in Selangor. Male Millennials were found have a stronger intention to share OVAs compared to females, whereas Millennials in the 19 to 24 age bracket showed a stronger intention to share OVAs than those in the 25 to 30 and 31 to 38 age brackets. The study's practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Uncertainty in Aging and Lifespan Research: Covid-19 as Catalyst for Addressing the Elephant in the Room

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-250
Author(s):  
Gudela Grote ◽  
Julian Pfrombeck
Keyword(s):  
Successful Aging ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Uncertainty is at the center of debates on how to best cope with the Covid-19 pandemic. In our exploration of the role of uncertainty in current aging and lifespan research, we build on an uncertainty regulation framework that includes both reduction and creation of uncertainty as viable self-regulatory processes. In particular, we propose that future time perspective, a key component in models of successful aging, should be reconceptualized in terms of uncertainty regulation. We argue that by proactively regulating the amount of uncertainty one is exposed to, individuals’ future time perspective can be altered. We show how extant research might be (re)interpreted based on these considerations and suggest directions for future research, challenging a number of implicit assumptions about how age and uncertainty are interlinked. We close with some practical implications for individuals and organizations for managing the Covid-19 crisis.

scholarly journals A meta-analytic investigation of the role of reward on inhibitory control

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110088
Author(s):  
Sam Burton ◽  
Graeme Knibb ◽  
Andrew Jones
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioural Intervention ◽  
Influential Cases

Contemporary theories predict that inhibitory control (IC) can be improved when rewards are available for successfully inhibiting. In non-clinical samples empirical research has demonstrated some support; however, “null” findings have also been published. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the magnitude of the effect of reward on IC and identify potential moderators. A total of 73 articles (contributing k = 80 studies) were identified from PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus, published between 1997 and 2020, using a systematic search strategy. A random effects meta-analysis was performed on effect sizes generated from IC tasks, which included rewarded and non-rewarded inhibition trials. Moderator analyses were conducted on clinical samples (vs “healthy controls”), task type (go/no-go vs stop signal vs Flanker vs Simon vs Stroop vs Anti-saccade), reward type (monetary vs points vs other), and age (adults vs children). The prospect of reward for successful inhibition significantly improved IC (SMD = 0.429, 95% CI = 0.288, 0.570, I2 = 96.7%) compared with no reward conditions/groups. This finding was robust against influential cases and outliers. The significant effect was present across all IC tasks. There was no evidence of the effect moderated by type of reward, age, or clinical samples. Moderator analyses did not resolve the considerable heterogeneity. The findings suggest that IC is a transient state that fluctuates in response to motivations driven by reward. Future research might examine the potential of improving IC through rewards as a behavioural intervention.

Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Stolarski ◽  
Joanna Bitner ◽  
Philip G. Zimbardo
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Core ◽  
Balanced Time Perspective ◽  
Core Feature

Although the tendency to delay gratification is by definition the core feature of twoincreasingly popular—within the scope of individual differences at least—constructs: emotional intelligence (EI) and time perspective (TP), the role of the latter two in its development has never been investigated before. Moreover, none of existing research reports consider mutual relationships between EI and TP. Our research investigated relationships between TP, EI and the rate of discounting of delayed awards, understood as one of the forms of gratification delay. We also applied a new method of assessing balanced time perspective—the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP). 126 university students participated in the study. The results obtained suggest the existence of several important connections between TP and EI and moderate impact of DBTP on the process of discounting. Future studies on temporal orientation could be enriched by utilizing this integrative measure of balanced time perspective (the DBTP coefficient) and by partitioning award delays into stages when analyzing temporal discounting strategies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document