scholarly journals A meta-analytic investigation of the role of reward on inhibitory control

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110088
Author(s):  
Sam Burton ◽  
Graeme Knibb ◽  
Andrew Jones
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioural Intervention ◽  
Influential Cases

Contemporary theories predict that inhibitory control (IC) can be improved when rewards are available for successfully inhibiting. In non-clinical samples empirical research has demonstrated some support; however, “null” findings have also been published. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the magnitude of the effect of reward on IC and identify potential moderators. A total of 73 articles (contributing k = 80 studies) were identified from PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus, published between 1997 and 2020, using a systematic search strategy. A random effects meta-analysis was performed on effect sizes generated from IC tasks, which included rewarded and non-rewarded inhibition trials. Moderator analyses were conducted on clinical samples (vs “healthy controls”), task type (go/no-go vs stop signal vs Flanker vs Simon vs Stroop vs Anti-saccade), reward type (monetary vs points vs other), and age (adults vs children). The prospect of reward for successful inhibition significantly improved IC (SMD = 0.429, 95% CI = 0.288, 0.570, I2 = 96.7%) compared with no reward conditions/groups. This finding was robust against influential cases and outliers. The significant effect was present across all IC tasks. There was no evidence of the effect moderated by type of reward, age, or clinical samples. Moderator analyses did not resolve the considerable heterogeneity. The findings suggest that IC is a transient state that fluctuates in response to motivations driven by reward. Future research might examine the potential of improving IC through rewards as a behavioural intervention.

Ethnic Differences in the Smoking-Related Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Piovani ◽  
Claudia Pansieri ◽  
Soumya R R Kotha ◽  
Amanda C Piazza ◽  
Celia-Louise Comberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background and aims The association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) relies on old meta-analyses including exclusively non-Jewish White populations. Uncertainty persists regarding the role of smoking in other ethnicities. Methods We systematically searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Scopus for studies examining tobacco smoking and the risk of developing IBD, i.e., Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Two authors independently extracted study data and assessed each study’s risk-of-bias. We examined heterogeneity and small-study effect, and calculated summary estimates using random-effects models. Stratified analyses and meta-regression were employed to study the association between study-level characteristics and effect estimates. The strength of epidemiological evidence was assessed through prespecified criteria. Results We synthesized 57 studies examining the smoking-related risk of developing CD and UC. Non-Jewish White smokers were at increased risk of CD (29 studies; RR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.69‒2.24; moderate evidence). No association was observed in Asian, Jewish and Latin-American populations (11 studies; RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.83–1.13), with no evidence of heterogeneity across these ethnicities. Smokers were at reduced risk of UC (51 studies; RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.48–0.64; weak evidence) irrespectively of ethnicity; however, cohort studies, large studies and those recently published showed attenuated associations. Conclusions This meta-analysis did not identify any increased risk of CD in smokers in ethnicities other than non-Jewish Whites, and confirmed the protective effect of smoking on UC occurrence. Future research should characterize the genetic background of CD patients across different ethnicities to improve our understanding on the role of smoking in CD pathogenesis.

Understanding the Role of Digital Technology in Multiple Intelligence Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Kevin Greenberg ◽  
Robert Z. Zheng ◽  
Isabelle Maloy
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Multiple Intelligence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emergent Technologies ◽  
Theory Of Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Intelligence Education ◽  
Mi Theory

The theory of multiple intelligences has been embraced by the education and research communities worldwide. Substantial research has been conducted to understand multiple intelligences and learning. However, studies that examine how various types of technology affect across the board the different types of intelligences in learning is lacking. This chapter reviews the multiple intelligence (MI) theory and how emergent technologies can be used to support MI learning in education using a meta-analysis method. The results reveal that bodily-kinesthetic is most responsive to technology-based intervention compared to other types of intelligences and that immersive and visual images are effective in improving verbal linguistic and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences. Discussion of the findings are made along with their implications in educational practices. Suggestions for future research and practice are made in regard to multiple intelligence and emergent digital technology.

The role of social entrepreneurship in socio-economic development: a meta-analysis of the nascent field

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabir Ahmad ◽  
Ishtiaq Ahmad Bajwa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intellectual Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Community Issues

Purpose This study aims to present the first meta-analysis of the research on social entrepreneurship and socio-economic development (SESED). Nation-states, researchers and organizations realized the pivotal role of social entrepreneurship in socio-economic development in the recent two decades. The body of knowledge in this domain witnessed consistent research growth, but it still lacks a critical review to map the scholarly literature and to guide future researchers. Design/methodology/approach This study used meta-analysis that combines bibliometric and content analyzes of 83 most relevant articles from 910 initially retrieved articles from the Web of Science, published in 75 different journals and 45 countries during 2005 and 2020. The analysis was performed using Histcite, VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software to identify the most influential aspects and to conduct citation and content analyze of selected publications. Findings The findings showed an overall consistent growth in research publications during the past 16 years with “Social Entrepreneurship and Enterprise: International and Innovation Perspectives” as the most influential article, “Entrepreneurship and Regional Development” as the most influential journal, and the USA and the UK as the most productive countries. The keyword co-occurrence analysis exposed five thematic clusters and content analysis revealed five streams within the selected publications. Practical implications This study provides 10 research questions that urge future researchers to conduct a thorough investigation on how social entrepreneurship while solving social, cultural, environmental and community issues, contributes to socio-economic development. Originality/value This study identifies prominent trends, intellectual structure, leading research streams and specific future research directions in the field of SESED.

Nursing and Parkinson’s Disease: A Scoping Review of Worldwide Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 105477382110440
Author(s):  
Michelle Hyczy S. Tosin ◽  
Claudio Antonio C. Mecone ◽  
Emanuelle Freitas M. Oliveira ◽  
David S. Tsui ◽  
Siok-Bee Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Care Guidelines ◽  
Observational Design

This scoping review aims to evaluate the characteristics of worldwide studies evolving the scope of nursing practice in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We conducted a three-step search strategy using 11 databases and reference lists. Of the 4,174 screened studies we included 324 (8%). Most were published during 1978 to 2020, with significant increasing in publications from 2002 onwards and a forecast to double in the next 10 years (total expected = 614, ±62.2, R2 = .998). We identified studies involving nine contexts of nursing practice in PD, in four continents and 31 countries, most of them of observational design (47.2%), funded (52.2%), authored by nurses (70.1%), and related to Nursing care/Guidelines (32.1%), Educational/Research content (16.4%), Symptom management/Medication adherence (14.5%), and Family caregiving (11.1%). The worldwide studies evolving the scope of nursing practice in PD is growing in several health context. These results can guide future research and evidence-based practice involving the role of nurses in PD.

scholarly journals MCT4 has a potential to be used as a prognostic biomarker - a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arslaan Javaeed ◽  
Sanniya Khan Ghauri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hazard Ratios

The role of several metabolic changes, such as hypoxia and acidosis, in the tumour environment has caught the attention of researchers in cancer progression and invasion. Lactate transport is one of the acidosis-enhancing processes that are mediated via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the expression of two cancer-relevant MCTs (MCT1 and MCT4) and their potential prognostic significance in patients with metastasis of different types of cancer. Studies were included if they reported the number of metastatic tissue samples expressing either low or high levels of MCT1 and/or MCT4 or those revealing the hazard ratios (HRs) of the overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) as prognostic indicators. During the period between 2010 and 2018, a total of 20 articles including 3831 patients (56.3% males) were identified. There was a significant association between MCT4 expression (high versus low) and lymph node metastasis [odds ratio (OR)=1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10-3.17, P=0.02] and distant metastasis (OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.65-2.86, P<0.001) and the correlation remained significant for colorectal and hepatic cancer in subgroup analysis. For survival analysis, patients with shorter OS periods exhibited a higher MCT4 expression [hazard ratio (HR)=1.78, 95%CI=1.49-2.13, P<0.001], while DFS was shorter in patients with high MCT1 (HR=1.48, 95%CI=1.04-2.10, P=0.03) and MCT4 expression (HR=1.70, 95%CI=1.19-2.42, P=0.003) when compared to their counterparts with low expression levels. Future research studies should consider the pharmacologic inhibition of MCT4 to effectively inhibit cancer progression to metastasis.

scholarly journals EXAMINING THE DETERMINANTS AND OUTCOMES OF SUBJECTIVE AGING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S384-S384
Author(s):  
Allyson F Brothers ◽  
Serena Sabatini ◽  
Shevaun D Neupert
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Subjective Aging

Abstract Given a growing body of evidence for the developmental relevance of the perceived experience of aging and for the presence of interindividual variability in the way people experience aging, this symposium examines the determinants and outcomes of various subjective aging constructs. This session will explore the role of various psychological variables in explaining variability in subjective aging experiences. Consequences of various subjective aging concepts on cognitive functioning, emotional and physical well-being will also be discussed. The first two presentations examine Attitudes Toward Own Aging (ATOA). Kornadt, Siebert and Wahl will address the developmental co-dynamics of personality and ATOA across the second half of life. Siebert and Wahl will examine the associations of ATOA with subjective and objective cognitive functioning. The last two presentations focus on awareness of age-related change (AARC). Sabatini, Silarova, Collins, Martyr, Ballard, Anstey, Kim & Clare will present findings from a systematic-review and meta-analysis synthesizing and quantifying associations of awareness of age-related change (AARC) with emotional and physical well-being and cognitive functioning. Finally, Rothermund and de Paula Couto will show how both the experience of positive and/or negative changes (gains and losses) and the presence of positive and/or negative age stereotypes predict individual’s attributions of change to age. This last presentation will also examine how together the presence of change and attribution of change to age predict developmental outcomes. The symposium will conclude with summarizing remarks from the discussant who suggests possible directions for future research on determinants and outcomes of perceived experience of aging.

Childhood bullying and the association with psychosis in non-clinical and clinical samples: a review and meta-analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2463-2474 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. van Dam ◽  
E. van der Ven ◽  
E. Velthorst ◽  
J. P. Selten ◽  
C. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Being Bullied

BackgroundApproximately 11% of schoolchildren are bullied on a regular basis. It has been argued that continuous exposure to stress is related to the development of psychotic symptoms. The current study sought to investigate whether being bullied in childhood is related to the development of psychotic symptoms.MethodA search of PubMed, PsycINFO and EMBASE was conducted. The reference lists of included papers were searched to identify other eligible papers. A meta-analysis was performed on a subgroup of studies.ResultsWe found four clinical and 10 general population studies that met inclusion criteria. The results of the clinical studies were mixed. However, the results of the non-clinical studies provided more consistent evidence that school bullying is related to the development of non-clinical psychotic symptoms. Stronger associations were found with increased frequency and severity and longer duration of being bullied. We performed a meta-analysis on seven population-based studies, yielding unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–3.6] and 2.3 (95% CI 1.5–3.4) respectively.ConclusionsAlthough there is some evidence of an association between bullying and psychosis in clinical samples, the research is too sparse to draw any firm conclusions. However, population-based non-clinical studies support the role of bullying in the development of psychotic symptoms later in life. These findings are consistent with findings of an increased risk of psychotic symptoms among those exposed to other types of abuse.

scholarly journals Microcolonies: a novel morphological form of pathogenicMycoplasmaspp

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina V. Rakovskaya ◽  
Svetlana A. Ermolaeva ◽  
Galina A. Levina ◽  
Olga I. Barkhatova ◽  
Andrey Ya. Mukhachev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hyperimmune Serum ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
The Future

AbstractThe work describes a novel morphological form found in 5 species ofMollicutes:Mycoplasma hominis, M. fermentans, M. gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae, Acholeplasma laidlawii. The form, which is referred to as microcolonies (MCs) in contrast to typical colonies (TCs), was characterized by tiny propeller-shaped colonies formed by rod-like cells tightly packed in parallel rows. MCs were observed within routinely cultivated type strain cultures of the listed species, and rod-like cells could be seen ewith SEM within TCs of the “fried-egg” type. Pure MC cultures were obtained by treatment of Mycoplasma cultures with hyperimmune serum, antibiotics or argon non-thermal plasma. Appearance of MCs was observed 7-12 days post plating while TCs appeared 24-48 h post plating. MCs derived from theM. hoministype strain H-34 were characterized in details. MCs did not differ from the parental culture in the MLST, direct fluorescent and epifluorescent tests and Western-blotting with a monospecific camel-derived nanoantibody aMh-FcG2a. Meanwhile, MCs derived from this strain and other listed species were resistant to at least 9 antibiotics and did not hydrolyze arginine and/or glucose in standard bacteriological tests. MC cultures that belonged toM. hominis(n=70),M. pneumoniae(n=2),M. fermentans(n=2),Mycoplasmaspp (n=5) were isolated from clinical samples of serum, synovial liquid and urina of patients with inflammatory urogenital tract diseases, asthma, arthritis. The reported MCs might be similar to “small colony variants” (SCVs) described in other bacterial species. However, in contrast to SCVs, MCs have never reverted to TCs. Multiple consecutive re-plating steps (for up to 3 years) were not sufficient to provide appearance of TCs within a pure MC culture. An unknown role of MCs in infection pathology along with their prominent antibiotic resistance makes them a challenge for the future studies ofMollicutes.Author summaryHere we demonstrated that Mycoplasma species form small size colonies (referred to as minicolonies, MCs). MC size is ten times less than the size of typical Mycoplasma colonies (TCs). MCs are very slow growing: it was required 9-10 days for MCs to form in contrast to 24-72 h required for TCs to form. The presents a system of evidences that MCs are formed by the same species as TCs, which they have been obtained from. Pure culture of MCs might be obtained from TC cultures by treatment with the hyperimmune serum, antibiotic and non-thermal gas plasma. MCs of all species were resistant to antibiotics effective against TCs. MCs did not hydrolyze arginine and glucose in standard bacteriological tests. MCs of different Mycoplasma species were isolated from clinical samples of sera, urea and synovial fluids from patients with urolithiasis, rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. MCs never have reverted to TCs even after three years passing. A role of MCs in infectious pathology has not been established yet. Nevertheless, ability to persist in the human body and extreme antibiotic resistance make MCs to be a challenge for the future research.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the relationship between behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) and caregiver well-being

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1761-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Feast ◽  
Esme Moniz-Cook ◽  
Charlotte Stoner ◽  
Georgina Charlesworth ◽  
Martin Orrell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms

ABSTRACTBackground:Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) are important predictors of institutionalization as well as caregiver burden and depression. Previous reviews have tended to group BPSD as one category with little focus on the role of the individual symptoms. This review investigates the role of the individual symptoms of BPSD in relation to the impact on different measures of family caregiver well-being.Methods:Systematic review and meta-analysis of papers published in English between 1980 and December 2015 reporting which BPSD affect caregiver well-being. Paper quality was appraised using the Downs and Black Checklist (1998).Results:Forty medium and high quality quantitative papers met the inclusion criteria, 16 were suitable to be included in a meta-analysis of mean distress scores. Depressive behaviors were the most distressing for caregivers followed by agitation/aggression and apathy. Euphoria was the least distressing. Correlation coefficients between mean total behavior scores and mean distress scores were pooled for four studies. Irritability, aberrant motor behavior and delusions were the most strongly correlated to distress, disinhibition was the least correlated.Conclusions:The evidence is not conclusive as to whether some BPSD impact caregiver well-being more than others. Studies which validly examined BPSD individually were limited, and the included studies used numerous measures of BPSD and numerous measures of caregiver well-being. Future research may benefit from a consistent measure of BPSD, examining BPSD individually, and by examining the causal mechanisms by which BPSD impact well-being by including caregiver variables so that interventions can be designed to target BPSD more effectively.

scholarly journals Haemorrhage control in the prehospital setting: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chibuike Ezeibe ◽  
Justin C McCarty ◽  
Muhammad A Chaudhary ◽  
Elzerie De Jager ◽  
Juan Herrera-Escobar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Prehospital Setting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Haemorrhage Control ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

IntroductionPrehospital haemorrhage control has saved thousands of lives in the military over the last decade. While uncontrolled haemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable injury death in the USA for individuals under 45, military prehospital haemorrhage control techniques have not fully translated to the civilian sector in the USA. The effective implementation of haemorrhage control for civilian prehospital trauma is dependent on a more complex array of system and personnel-level factors than the military.ObjectiveThis protocol describes the methodology of a scoping review on haemorrhage control strategies in the prehospital setting; specifically, education, logistics and implementation of these strategies. The aim of the review is to identify research gaps and create recommendations for future research surrounding prehospital layperson haemorrhage control.MethodsThe protocol uses the framework published by The Joanna Briggs Institute and Arksey and O’Malley, while following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review Protocols guidelines. The search strategy was refined with the help of a medical librarian. Three peer-reviewed databases (EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Science), databases dedicated to grey literature sources, and reference mining will be used. Two investigators will independently screen and extract data. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third investigator. The extracted data will undergo descriptive analysis of the contextual data and a quantitative analysis using the appropriate statistical methods. In addition, this search strategy will be supplemented by a grey literature search.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. This scoping review will serve to highlight existing gaps within the literature to guide further research and develop future strategies to improve prehospital haemorrhage management. The results of this review will be presented at relevant national and international conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

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