scholarly journals Age, Childhood Trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Disorder in the Deep South

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 527-528
Author(s):  
Rebecca Allen ◽  
Candice Reel
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Treatment Considerations ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract We examined the relationship of reported childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms in a sample (N = 105) of individuals aged 19 to 80 receiving treatment for substance use and opioid use disorders in federally qualified health centers. Fifty-two percent of the sample was age 39 or younger, 30% were in their 40s and 18% were aged 50 and older. Thirty-two percent did not graduate high school and 36% had a high school education or equivalent. Seventy percent reported experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACES). Although harmful alcohol use was low, 83% of the sample reported substantial or severe substance use, with 41% of the total reporting opioid use. ACES predicted current PTSD symptoms. Telehealth treatment considerations include: 1) internet access, 2) health and mental health literacy, and 3) monitoring for dissociation when using mindfulness-based relapse prevention treatment.

Early Childhood Trauma and Substance Misuse and Addiction

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Melissa T. Merrick ◽  
Derek C. Ford ◽  
Debra E. Houry
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Pain Symptoms

This chapter examines the complex relationship between childhood trauma and substance use. Not all children who experience childhood trauma will go on to use substances, and persons with no childhood trauma may develop substance use disorders. However, trauma has been found to greatly increase the risk of later substance use. Further, research suggests that individuals with histories of childhood trauma are more likely to report chronic pain symptoms that interfere with daily activities and are also more likely to be prescribed multiple prescription medications. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been directly associated with substance misuse and substance use disorders in adulthood, including illicit drug use, with a dose–response relationship such that the more ACEs children experience, the more likely they are to have such substance use problems as adults. Implications for prevention of opioid use disorder in particular, and substance misuse and addiction more generally, are discussed.

Association Between Intimate Partner Violence Subtypes and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Hazardous Substance Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110219
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Yalch ◽  
Sloane R. M. Rickman
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common problem for women in the United States and is associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as hazardous use of substances like alcohol and drugs. However, not all subtypes of IPV (i.e., physical, sexual, and psychological) are equally predictive of PTSD and hazardous substance use. Although previous research suggests that psychological IPV has the strongest relative effect on PTSD symptoms and substance use, there is less research on IPV subtypes’ cumulative effects. In this study, we examined the relative and cumulative effects of physical, sexual, and psychological IPV on PTSD symptoms and hazardous substance use in a sample of women in the United States recruited via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk ( N = 793) using bootstrapped multiple regression and configural frequency analyses. Results suggest that physical IPV had the most pronounced influence (medium-large effect sizes) on substance use across women, but that the cumulative effects of all three IPV subtypes were most closely associated with diagnostic levels of both PTSD and substance use at the level of groups of women. These findings clarify and extend previous research on the differential effects of IPV subtypes and provide directions for future research and clinical intervention.

scholarly journals Childhood trauma among individuals with co-morbid substance use and post-traumatic stress disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa L. Farrugia ◽  
Katherine L. Mills ◽  
Emma Barrett ◽  
Sudie E. Back ◽  
Maree Teesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

scholarly journals Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: randomised clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-615
Author(s):  
Katrina L. Boterhoven de Haan ◽  
Christopher W. Lee ◽  
Eva Fassbinder ◽  
Saskia M. van Es ◽  
Simone Menninga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Imagery Rescripting

BackgroundInvestigation of treatments that effectively treat adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood experiences (Ch-PTSD) and are well tolerated by patients is needed to improve outcomes for this population.AimsThe purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two trauma-focused treatments, imagery rescripting (ImRs) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), for treating Ch-PTSD.MethodWe conducted an international, multicentre, randomised clinical trial, recruiting adults with Ch-PTSD from childhood trauma before 16 years of age. Participants were randomised to treatment condition and assessed by blind raters at multiple time points. Participants received up to 12 90-min sessions of either ImRs or EMDR, biweekly.ResultsA total of 155 participants were included in the final intent-to-treat analysis. Drop-out rates were low, at 7.7%. A generalised linear mixed model of repeated measures showed that observer-rated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms significantly decreased for both ImRs (d = 1.72) and EMDR (d = 1.73) at the 8-week post-treatment assessment. Similar results were seen with secondary outcome measures and self-reported PTSD symptoms. There were no significant differences between the two treatments on any standardised measure at post-treatment and follow-up.ConclusionsImRs and EMDR treatments were found to be effective in treating PTSD symptoms arising from childhood trauma, and in reducing other symptoms such as depression, dissociation and trauma-related cognitions. The low drop-out rates suggest that the treatments were well tolerated by participants. The results from this study provide evidence for the use of trauma-focused treatments for Ch-PTSD.

scholarly journals The Impact of Co-occurring Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders on Craving: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Renaud ◽  
Louise Jakubiec ◽  
Joel Swendsen ◽  
Melina Fatseas
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Dual Disorder ◽  
The Impact

The frequent co-occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) leads to manifestations of both conditions that are more severe and more resistance to treatment than single disorders. One hypothesis to explain this synergy is the impact of intrusive memories on craving which, in turn, increases the risk of relapse among patients with substance use disorders. The aim of this systematic review is to examine this possibility by assessing the impact of PTSD and its symptoms on craving among dual disorder patients. Using PRISMA criteria, four databases were comprehensively searched up to June, 2021, in order to identify all candidate studies based on broad key words. Resulting studies were then selected if they examined the impact of PTSD or PTSD symptoms on craving, and if they used standardized assessments of PTSD, SUD, and craving. Twenty-seven articles matched the selection criteria and were included in this review. PTSD was found to be significantly associated with increased craving levels among patients with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, tobacco, and other substance use disorders. Exposition to traumatic cues among dual disorder patients was also shown to trigger craving, with an additive effect on craving intensity when exposure to substance-related cues occurred. In addition, certain studies observed a correlation between PTSD symptom severity and craving intensity. Concerning mechanisms underlying these associations, some findings suggest that negative emotional states or emotion dysregulation may play a role in eliciting craving after traumatic exposure. Moreover, these studies suggest that PTSD symptoms may, independently of emotions, act as powerful cues that trigger craving. These findings argue for the need of dual disorder treatment programs that integrate PTSD-focused approaches and emotion regulation strategies, in addition to more traditional interventions for craving management.

Too painful to think about: chemsex and trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Stephen Morris
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Mind ◽  
First Time

Purpose Whilst chemsex is a relatively new phenomenon, trauma is not. Freud borrowed the word from physical medicine, where it was used to describe tissue damage, and applied it, for the first time, as a metaphor to a psychological process by which the protective functioning of the mind can too be pierced and wounded by events. The chemsex environment hosts a myriad of potentially traumatising scenarios and experiences, though perhaps disguised as exhilaration or excitement. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper is a practitioner’s experience. Findings These experiences piled on top of childhood experiences of being “less than” for being gay, can be responsible for widespread undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among those who engage in chemsex. This paper explores this possibility and offers solutions. Originality/value Compounded trauma and PTSD symptoms amongst MSM who engage in chemsex has to date, not been researched.

scholarly journals Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients treated for opioid use disorder: findings from a 12-month cohort study

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tea Rosic ◽  
Vivian Y. O. Au ◽  
Andrew Worster ◽  
David C. Marsh ◽  
Lehana Thabane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background Exposure to traumatic events is both a risk factor for substance use and an adverse outcome of substance use disorders. Identifying and managing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with addiction requires attention. Aims To examine the lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and past-month prevalence of PSTD in patients treated for opioid use disorder, and explore the association between trauma, PTSD and treatment outcomes. Method Participants (n = 674) receiving methadone treatment in 20 community clinics across Ontario, Canada, were administered the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview to identify self-reported traumatic events and PTSD. Drug use was measured for 12 months by urine drug screens. Results Eleven per cent of participants met past-month criteria for PTSD (n = 72), and 48% reported history of traumatic events with no current PTSD (n = 323). Participants with PTSD were more likely to be female (odds ratio 2.13, 95% CI 1.20–3.76) and less likely to be employed (odds ratio 0.31, 95% CI 0.16–0.61) or married (odds ratio 0.51, 95% CI 0.26–0.90) than those with no trauma history. Antidepressants (39 v. 24%) and benzodiazepines (36 v. 18%) were differentially prescribed to patients with and without PTSD. Length of time in treatment and opioid use were not associated with trauma; however, suicidal ideation was more common in PTSD (odds ratio 2.29, 95% CI 1.04–5.01). Conclusions Trauma and PTSD are prevalent among patients with opioid use disorder, and consideration of trauma symptoms and associated characteristics is warranted. Patients with and without comorbid PTSD differ clinically and psychosocially, highlighting the relevance of integrating addiction and mental health services for this population.

scholarly journals PTSD Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Substance Use Risk in Juvenile Justice–Involved Youth

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmyn Sanders ◽  
Alexandra R. Hershberger ◽  
Haley M. Kolp ◽  
Miji Um ◽  
Matthew Aalsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Effects Of Sexual Abuse ◽  
The Relationship

Juvenile justice–involved youth face disproportionate rates of sexual abuse, which increases the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs), both of which are associated with poor long-term outcomes. The present study tested two mediation and moderation models, controlling for age, race, and history of physical abuse, with gender as a moderator, to determine whether PTSD symptoms serve as a risk factor and/or mechanism in the relationship between sexual abuse and substance use. Data were examined for 197 juvenile justice–involved youth (mean age = 15.45, 68.9% non-White, 78.4% male) that completed court-ordered psychological assessments. Results indicated that PTSD symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and drug (β = 3.44, confidence interval [CI] [0.26, 7.41]; test for indirect effect z = 2.41, p = .02) and alcohol use (β = 1.42, CI [0.20, 3.46]; test for indirect effect z = 2.23, p = .03). PTSD symptoms and gender were not significant moderators. Overall, PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between sexual abuse and SUDs in juvenile justice–involved youth, which suggests viability of targeting PTSD symptoms as a modifiable risk factor to reduce the effects of sexual abuse on substance use in this high-risk population.

scholarly journals Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Early Initiation of Opioid Use Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honoria Guarino ◽  
Pedro Mateu-Gelabert ◽  
Kelly Quinn ◽  
Skultip Sirikantraporn ◽  
Kelly V. Ruggles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Early Initiation ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Medical Prescription ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Prescription Opioid Use

Introduction: Although a substantial body of research documents a relationship between traumatic stress in childhood and the initiation of substance use later in the life course, only limited research has examined potential linkages between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the initiation of non-medical prescription opioid use and other opioid use behaviors. The present study contributes to this growing body of work by investigating the association of childhood trauma with early initiation of a series of opioid use behaviors.Methods: New York City young adults (n = 539) ages 18–29 who reported non-medical use of prescription opioids or heroin use in the past 30 days were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling in 2014–16. Ten ACEs were assessed via self-report with the ACE Questionnaire. Associations between number of ACEs and self-reported ages of initiating seven opioid use behaviors (e.g., non-medical prescription opioid use, heroin use, heroin injection) were estimated with multivariable logistic regression.Results: Eighty nine percent of participants reported at least one ACE, and 46% reported four or more ACEs, a well-supported threshold indicating elevated risk for negative health consequences. Every increase of one trauma was associated with a 12–23% increase in odds of early initiation across the seven opioid use behaviors. Findings also document that the mean age at initiation increased with increasing risk severity across the behaviors, contributing to evidence of a trajectory from opioid pill misuse to opioid injection.Discussion: Increasing number of childhood traumas was associated with increased odds of earlier initiation of multiple opioid misuse behaviors. In light of prior research linking earlier initiation of substance use with increased substance use severity, present findings suggest the importance of ACEs as individual-level determinants of increased opioid use severity. Efforts to prevent onset and escalation of opioid use among at-risk youth may benefit from trauma prevention programs and trauma-focused screening and treatment, as well as increased attention to ameliorating upstream socio-structural drivers of childhood trauma.

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