scholarly journals Family Caregivers and Support: Implications for Work Strain and Formal Service Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 811-812
Author(s):  
Joseph Svec ◽  
Jeongeun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Caregiver Support ◽  
Formal Service ◽  
Work Strain ◽  
Employed Caregivers

Abstract In the US, many employed caregivers make professional adjustments, exacerbating already tenuous balances between work and life. Using the framework of the Stress Process Model (SPM), current research examines the sources of support (both formal and informal) and the contextual factors that facilitate or impede caregiver support. In this research, we examine whether and to what extent caregiver work strain is ameliorated by the presence of additional family caregivers and formal service use. This study utilizes data provided by the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) data. Using panel methods for the pooled waves, we analyze the associations between work-strain and the number of additional caregivers with utilization of formal support (such as paid service support). Preliminary analyses align with the Stress Process Model as additional caregivers for each respective care-recipient is associated with lower levels of work strain. On the other hand, utilization of formal services (paid help and Medicaid funding) is positively associated with work strain. These findings suggest that the number of additional caregivers can reduce the negative impact of caregiving on work related strain among employed caregivers. That is, multiple caregivers may be more reflective of cooperative arrangements which offset work disruptions that occur with the onset of caregiving. In addition, formal sources may more frequently be used as a last resort to address caregiver burnout. Ongoing analyses are examining changes in the number of caregivers and its impact on disruptive work event, which could lead to financial outcomes for caregivers.

scholarly journals USING A STRESS PROCESS MODEL TO EXAMINE RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CAREGIVER WELL-BEING AND HEALTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S487-S487
Author(s):  
Adrian Badana ◽  
William E Haley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Process Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Dementia Caregivers ◽  
Relationship Type

Abstract Current research must utilize nationally-representative samples of older adults and their family caregivers to accurately reflect the growing diversity of the United States. This study aims to use a stress process model to examine potential racial differences in caregiving in a population-based sample of 844 White and 389 Black family caregivers in the United States. We conducted 3 x 2 x 2 (relationship type x race x dementia care status) factorial ANOVAs to examine potential differences in caregiving stressors, appraisals, resources, and mental and physical health outcomes among primary family caregivers. Results indicated significant racial differences in caregiving on several stress process measures. Although Black caregivers reported more caregiving stressors, compared to White caregivers, they tended to report more positive appraisals of caregiving and more caregiving resources. Dementia caregivers tended to report greater caregiving stressors and worse measures of appraisal compared to non-dementia caregivers. There was a significant two-way interaction among relationship type and dementia care status for the caregiving stressor, hours of care. A stress process model can allow researchers to investigate various factors associated with racial differences in caregiving.

scholarly journals Identifying Care-Related Needs of Family Caregivers of People With Dementia: Beyond the Stress Process Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Sara Moss ◽  
Lauren Gebhardt-Kram ◽  
Holly Dabelko-Schoeny ◽  
Jennifer Cheavens
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Dementia Caregiver ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
Caregiver Needs

Abstract The psychosocial stress process model (Pearlin et al., 1990) remains a dominant theoretical framework characterizing the transactions between factors affecting outcomes of informal caregivers of people with dementia (PWD). Despite widespread agreement that the model provides an important framework for understanding caregiver experiences and predicting caregiver outcomes, it is not sufficient to clarify the needs of caregivers. Needs are conceptualized as the skills and resources that could be used to ameliorate the negative impacts of caregiving and promote quality of life (Gitlin & Hodgson, 2015). Determining caregiver needs requires appreciation of the complex background, contextual, and stress-related variables described in the stress process model and requires empirically- and theoretically-driven understanding of the diverse resources, materials, and skills that individuals require for global health and functioning. In this study, we conducted a content analysis of existing measures of dementia caregiver needs (N = 54), content analysis of materials related to evidence-based dementia caregiver interventions and government reports and documents (N = 28), and semi-structured in-depth interviews with current caregivers of PWD (N = 12) to identify the personal and care-related needs of family caregivers of PWD. We propose a framework of five inter-related need categories (Health-related needs, environmental needs, psychological needs, social needs, and needs related to the care and functioning of the PWD) that transact with the factors described in the stress process model, ultimately influencing functioning. In the future, we plan to test this model empirically with a nationally representative sample of caregivers.

scholarly journals Dementia Caregiving and Cognition: An Extension of the Stress Process Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 476-477
Author(s):  
Francesca Falzarano ◽  
Karen Siedlecki
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Secondary Stressors

Abstract As cases of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) continue to rise, informal caregivers are critical resources in providing dementia care, yet caregiving is associated with high levels of burden, stress, anxiety and depression. Caregiving can be a prolonged and stressful experience, and impaired cognitive functioning in caregivers could impact their own health and quality of life and compromise the quality of care provided to their care-recipient. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to use the Stress Process Model as a guiding theoretical framework to identify whether primary stressors (e.g., care recipient functional status, cognitive problems) or secondary stressors (e.g., loss of self, economic conflict) predict performance across seven domains of cognition in 50 primary ADRD caregivers. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine which primary and secondary stressors emerge as predictors of cognitive performance. Results indicated that primary stressors (e.g., problematic dementia behaviors and relational deprivation) significantly predicted working memory performance and secondary stressors (e.g., economic strain, loss of self) significantly predicted implicit memory performance. Additionally, higher levels of caregiver burden predicted worse performance on executive functioning and implicit memory measures. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the stress associated with caregiving may have adverse effects beyond psychosocial outcomes, and findings can be used to inform policies and practices with regard to caregiver health and well-being.

Test of the stress process model of family caregivers of people living with schizophrenia in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
pp. 113113
Author(s):  
Yu Yu ◽  
Zi-Wei Liu ◽  
Tong-Xin Li ◽  
Yi-Lu Li ◽  
Shui-Yuan Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model

“I should be doing more for my parent:” Chinese adult children's worry about performance in providing care for their oldest-old parents

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyu Liu ◽  
Mercedes Bern-Klug
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Caregiver Support ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Chinese Adult ◽  
Positive Feelings

ABSTRACTBackground:In China, as is the case in most of the world, family is the largest source of support for frail older adults. Confucian filial piety expectations hold children-in particular sons-responsible for the care of aging parents in China. During the course of caregiving, in addition to positive feelings, the caregiver may feel overwhelmed, entrapped, and worried about their performance, which can have negative health consequences. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine one dimension of caregiver burden “worry about performance” (WaP) and investigate whether variables inspired by Pearlin's Stress Process Model help to explain the variation of WaP, so that at-risk caregivers can be identified and supported.Methods:Multiple regression was used to analyze CLHLS data from 895 Chinese adult children providing care for their oldest old parent in eight coastal provinces in China. WaP was measured by two items from the Zarit Burden Inventory. Independent variables representing concepts from Pearlin's Stress Process Model and control variables were included in the models.Results:Compared to a model of control variables only, using independent variables inspired by Pearlin's Stress Process Model increased the ability to explain the variation in WaP by three fold to 14%. The following variables increased WaP: parent's IADL level, the amount of time spent caregiving, being a daughter, reporting an emotionally close relationship with the parent, sharing a residence with the parent.Conclusion:Despite not being able to fully operationalize Pearlin's Model with this dataset, analyzing variables that represent concepts from the model was useful in increasing the ability to explain the variation in WaP. Results suggest that caregiver support directed at daughters may be particularly beneficial.

scholarly journals When the Day Goes Awry: Families Caring for Persons With Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
Karen Roberto ◽  
Jyoti Savla ◽  
Steven Zarit
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Formal Service ◽  
Formal Services

Abstract The daily lives of family caregivers of persons with dementia (PwD) often require that they manage multiple competing demands in a context of unpredictability. Memory and behavior changes associated with dementia can cause PwD to act in random and irrational ways that create stress and influence all aspects of caregivers’ everyday life. Supportive others, including informal helpers and formal service professionals, should provide relief to primary caregivers; however, help may not alleviate caregiver stress and can sometimes compound the burden of care. This symposium draws on daily diary surveys and face-to-face interviews to focus on four aspects of managing everyday care of PwD among family caregivers in rural areas. Brandy Renee McCann explores how caregivers’ vigilance on behalf of PwD care quality interacts with service use. Karen Roberto examines the ways in which caregivers manage PwD resistance to help, including their use of forceful care strategies. Rosemary Blieszner focuses on competing caregiver roles and demands that may contribute to or alleviate caregiver stress. Tina Savla addresses the unexpected, and often hidden, challenges involved in using formal services. Collectively, the four presentations provide in-depth insight into the complicated daily lives of families coping with dementia and the ways in which they meet the demands of full-time caregiving under often difficult and challenging circumstances. Discussant Steve Zarit considers the efficacy of these management strategies for various aspects of everyday care and offers suggestions for future research and person-centered programs and interventions to reduce health disparities among caregivers in rural areas.

scholarly journals A profile of Australian mental health carers, their caring role and service needs: results from the 2012 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Diminic ◽  
E. Hielscher ◽  
M. G. Harris ◽  
Y. Y. Lee ◽  
J. Kealton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Formal Service

AbstractAimsPlanning mental health carer services requires information about the number of carers, their characteristics, service use and unmet support needs. Available Australian estimates vary widely due to different definitions of mental illness and the types of carers included. This study aimed to provide a detailed profile of Australian mental health carers using a nationally representative household survey.MethodsThe number of mental health carers, characteristics of carers and their care recipients, caring hours and tasks provided, service use and unmet service needs were derived from the national 2012 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers. Co-resident carers of adults with a mental illness were compared with those caring for people with physical health and other cognitive/behavioural conditions (e.g., autism, intellectual disability, dementia) on measures of service use, service needs and aspects of their caring role.ResultsIn 2012, there were 225 421 co-resident carers of adults with mental illness in Australia, representing 1.0% of the population, and an estimated further 103 813 mental health carers not living with their care recipient. The majority of co-resident carers supported one person with mental illness, usually their partner or adult child. Mental health carers were more likely than physical health carers to provide emotional support (68.1%v.19.7% of carers) and less likely to assist with practical tasks (64.1%v.86.6%) and activities of daily living (31.9%v.48.9%). Of co-resident mental health carers, 22.5% or 50 828 people were confirmed primary carers – the person providing the most support to their care recipient. Many primary mental health carers (37.8%) provided more than 40 h of care per week. Only 23.8% of primary mental health carers received government income support for carers and only 34.4% received formal service assistance in their caring role, while 49.0% wanted more support. Significantly more primary mental health than primary physical health carers were dissatisfied with received services (20.0%v.3.2%), and 35.0% did not know what services were available to them.ConclusionsResults reveal a sizable number of mental health carers with unmet needs in the Australian community, particularly with respect to financial assistance and respite care, and that these carers are poorly informed about available supports. The prominence of emotional support and their greater dissatisfaction with services indicate a need to better tailor carer services. If implemented carefully, recent Australian reforms including the Carer Gateway and National Disability Insurance Scheme hold promise for improving mental health carer supports.

scholarly journals THE SOCIOCULTURAL STRESS PROCESS MODEL APPLIED TO LONG-DISTANCE CAREGIVING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S557-S557
Author(s):  
Verena R Cimarolli ◽  
Amy Horowitz ◽  
Danielle Jimenez ◽  
Xiaomei Shi ◽  
Francesca Falzarano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Stress Process ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Sociocultural Stress ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study investigated the impact of LDC on mental health utilizing the Sociocultural Stress Process Model as a conceptual framework. A path analytic model tested the impact of caregiving stressors (i.e. distance, frequencies of visits, hours spent helping, burden) and sociocultural values (i.e. familialism) on LDCs’ mental health outcomes (i.e. depression, anxiety), and resources (i.e. coping strategies, social support) which can mediate the association between stressors and mental health outcomes while controlling for socio-demographics. Results show that resources did not mediate the effects of stressors on the mental health outcomes. However, both higher depression and anxiety were associated with living closer to the care recipient (CR), less frequent visits, higher burden, being younger, being female, and less optimal income adequacy. In addition, higher depression was associated with lower use of coping strategies and higher education. Higher anxiety was also associated with lower levels of social support and higher familialism.

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