3. Seeking a Divorce

Family Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwina Higgins ◽  
Kathryn Newton
Keyword(s):  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Divorce Law ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Substantive Law

This chapter considers the law and process for seeking a divorce in England and Wales. It examines the current legal framework and the gap between the ‘law in books’ and the practical reality. It looks at the current legal provisions, the criticisms that have been made of them, and whether there are any strengths to the current law. The discussion is placed in the context of divorce statistics in order to determine the link between the divorce law and the divorce rate, and whether this matters. In so doing, the chapter considers how much of a role the state should play in regulating divorce and the place of ‘fault’ in a modern divorce law. It also considers matters of process and procedure, and whether reform of process rather than substantive law is the right focus.

The order of property realisation in bankruptcy (insolvency) procedure under the law of Ukraine and Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-222
Author(s):  
Oleksandr D. Sviatotskyi ◽  
Rodion B. Poliakov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Electronic Trading ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Legal Study ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
German Legislation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

The article represents a comparative legal study of the specifics of the order of debtor's property realisation in the bankruptcy procedure under the law of Ukraine and Germany through the application of hermeneutic (used in accessing the essence of the legal framework and judicial practice); axiological (in determining the evaluative base) along with phenomenological (and the nature of the phenomena); systematic (modeling of the functioning systems) methodological toolkit. The authors emphasise the importance of legal provisions governing the sale of the debtor's property, due to the natural proximity of this stage of the competitive process to the financial component, which, in turn, is inevitably associated with various abuses. An electronic trading system had been recently introduced in Ukraine, on which therefore many hopes and expectations were relied upon. However, the electronic trading system did not cope with tasks set, and many new problems were added to the old ones. The article states that the existence of problematic issues in the procedure of bankrupt property realisation is confirmed, in particular, by the court practice. However, judicial practice in itself often becomes a source of problems. The article pays special attention to the German legislation, which uses a radically opposite model of property sale in insolvency proceedings. The authors justifiably propose to make certain changes to the Ukrainian legislation, by using the positive experience of Germany. As a result of a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and Germany, the authors provide ways of solving the raised issues in the article. The implementation of the recommendations submitted within this comparative-legal study should improve the quality of bankruptcy proceedings, reduce the number of abuses by insolvency trustees, as well as protect the rights and property interests of competitive creditors and creditors with the right of separate satisfaction

scholarly journals Intelligence bodies of the state in the mechanism of ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen: international standards and legislation

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Yuriy Voloshyn ◽  
Vladimir Proschayev
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Intelligence Agencies ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

The place and role of state intelligence bodies in the mechanism of ensuring constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen according to international standards and in the light of the newly adopted Laws of Ukraine «On the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine» and «On Intelligence» are studied. It is proved that in Ukraine, as in other post-Soviet states that did not have intelligence legislation, but began to create it after the declaration of independence, the process of constitutional and legal regulation of intelligence agencies consisted of four stages (transitional, initial, basic and modern). Describing each stage, the authors stressed that the Ukrainian legislator is now in the fourth stage, which is characterized by the improvement of already adopted legislation on intelligence activities or the adoption of completely new laws based on new versions or amendments to constitutions (basic laws). It is emphasized that Ukraine has been one of the first states in the territory of the former USSR to adopt the fourth (modern) stage since the adoption of new legislative acts on the activities of intelligence agencies. Undoubtedly, the impetus for this was the amendment of the Constitution of Ukraine on the strategic course of the state to become a full member of Ukraine in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which radically changed the direction and direction of intelligence use of available forces and means. It is noted that the newly adopted legislation was developed not out of thin air, but based on a set of already adopted regulations that fully reflect the complex threatening situation around Ukraine and clearly indicate the place of intelligence agencies in a single system of national security. It was necessary to summarize all the adopted preliminary normative material and summarize it in new legislative acts, which would in a new way regulate all issues of intelligence functioning in modern difficult conditions. The main positive points in the newly adopted laws are identified, namely: 1) granting categories that were previously used only in the theory of intelligence, the status of legal categories, which indicates the beginning of the process of forming a completely new set of special legal terms; 2) inclusion in the text of a separate article on the observance of human rights and freedoms in the conduct of intelligence activities; 3) inclusion in the Law of Ukraine «On Intelligence» of a separate section on the peculiarities of democratic civilian control over intelligence; 4) granting the right to intelligence agencies to conduct intelligence affairs. It is proposed to consider in the Ukrainian legislation some legal provisions of the legislation of European countries regarding parliamentary control, which, according to the authors, will significantly increase the effectiveness of control. It is substantiated that the Law of Ukraine «On Intelligence» should contain: - a list of principles of intelligence activities must be defined; - the obligation of the authorized judge of the court to draw up a decision on the refusal to grant permission to conduct an intelligence event is more correctly formulated; - the right of intelligence agencies to provide training, retraining and advanced training of persons involved in confidential cooperation, in the manner prescribed by law for intelligence officers, is more clearly defined. It is concluded that the newly adopted laws provide comprehensive guarantees of compliance with the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and fully reflect the needs of intelligence agencies in the legal regulation of their activities in modern conditions.

scholarly journals LIMITATION OF THE RIGHT TO REQUIRE ENFORCEMENT UNDER THE RULE OF THE NEW CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE OF AN ENFORCEMENT ORDER OBTAINED BEFORE ITS ENTRY INTO FORCE

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Carmen Adriana DOMOCOȘ
Keyword(s):  
Coercive Force ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Court Of Appeal

In a case, the court of appeal have interpreted the provisions of the law regarding the enforceable judgments delivered at first instance, with the right of appeal, or those in respect of which the parties agreed to directly exercise the appeal, when those interested or harmed by the enforcement can require the cancellation of the enforcement documents drawn up by violation of the legal provisions. The jurisprudence is not unanimous to consider the enforceability of the final civil decision is, however, a temporary one, until it is confirmed by the court of appeal, and it is removed when the court of appeal gives a contrary approach. One of the roles of the limitation is to provide the security of legal relationships, because after the expiry of the limitation period the debtor is satisfied that it can no longer be enforced, and the creditor knows that he no longer benefits from the coercive force of the state in order to recover his debt. On the other hand, to oblige the creditor to enforce a temporarily enforceable decision, about which he has no certainty that it will be upheld on appeal, means violating the very principle of the security of legal relationships, which the legislator intended to protect.

scholarly journals SHORT CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MAGISTRATES’LIABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW LEGAL PROVISIONS ON THE REFORM IN JUSTICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Constantin MANOLIU
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
Judicial Errors ◽  
The Right

The present study analyzes the magistrates' responsibility, in the light of the old and the new legal regulations, the exercise of the right to recourse action of the state against magistrates in case of judicial errors, and the conditions that must be be met in order to promote this action.The author identifies possible vulnerabilities of the new regulations on the magistrates’ civil liability, vulnerabilities that may affect the magistrates’independence in the exercise of their job duties.The study is focused on the new amendments of the Law no. 303/2004 on the status of magistrates, brought by Law no. 242/2018, as regards the civil liability of magistrates, includes issues related to the guarantees regarding the enforcement of the principles of independence and impartiality of magistrates, guarantees aimed at maintaining a balance between the magistrates' responsibility and their independence.

scholarly journals The Theory of Actual Employee and De Facto Authority and Its Applicability in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-385
Author(s):  
Ali Salman Jamil
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Council Of State ◽  
Principle Of Legality ◽  
The Relationship

The research showed that the French Council of State relied in resolving the conflict between the authority and the citizen on the principles of the Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights as a basis for the principle of legality. He only had them. They are abstract general rules that clarify the basis of the relationship between the citizen and the state, including his rights and duties. The council applied its rules regarding the rulings it issued, whether for the authority or against it. The authority has caved in to that. He also showed that it is impermissible to differentiate between protecting rights in normal and exceptional circumstances. The state is responsible for securing these rights in all circumstances. This is why the board invented the actual employee theory. The basic principles on which the actual employee theory was based have also been studied. The theory is not an exception to the principle of legality, but rather a real application of it. In a state that has taken upon itself to ensure that people enjoy the rights and freedoms stipulated in the constitution. It also clarified that the employee’s organizational relationship with the state requires it to respect his rights stipulated in the law in return for his commitment to his duties that oblige him to apply the law as abstract general rules without bias and deviation. Therefore, it has the right to punish him according to the law. In exchange for his right to appeal the decision to impose the punishment. The judiciary’s decision to cancel the dismissal or dismissal decision obliges the administration to return it to the same legal position. Unless that results in corruption, then you must return him to a center parallel to the first. Without causing him physical or moral harm. The research also showed that what happened in Iraq was a barbaric invasion that was not based on any justification. It expressly contradicts international legality. It has resulted in the abolition of all legitimate institutions of the state and the handing over of power to organizations that have proven practical reality that they are gangs of thieves whose aim is to destroy the state and to violate all prohibited acts. It issued laws that grant themselves privileges and rights that are inconsistent with the principle of legality. And decisions were issued that contradict the public interest. Therefore, citizens and employees should be granted the right to appeal all laws and decisions issued when real authority is established in Iraq. Return all stolen money and stolen rights.

Preclusion of the Right to Submit New Facts and Evidence According to the Law on Contested Procedure in Kosovo

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
ARTAN QERKINI
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legislative Amendments ◽  
The Right

The market economy and changes within Republic of Kosovo’s legal system, which imposed the need of legal changes within the field of contested procedure also, have caused this procedure to become more efficient vis-à-vis legal provisions which were in force until October 6th 2008. Through the Law on Contested Procedure (hereinafter “LCP”), the legislator has aimed, inter alia, to make the contested procedure more concentrated, and thus, more efficient. In this regard, the Kosovar legislator has determined that it is mandatory for the parties to present any and all relevant evidence for resolving the dispute until the preparatory session, and in the event that one was not held, until the first main hearing session. As an exception, the parties may present relevant evidence even after this stage of proceedings, provided that their failure to present said evidence no later than at the preparatory session, respectively first main hearing session, was through no fault of their own. I consider that these legislative amendments are vital to ensuring practical implementation of the principle of efficience in the contested procedure.

The Legal Framework for Foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1750 to 1918

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-172
Author(s):  
Gabriele Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Law

Foundations, as permanent funds established by a certain legal act, can serve manifold purposes, but often pursue charitable goals. As such, they play an important role for the public good. Therefore, states always had an interest in fostering foundations by providing a pertinent legal framework. In Austria, this topic has not yet been the focus of scholarship. Through this study some light is shed on the implementation of the law on foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy. It focuses on the role of the state and its legal system regarding the regulation and supervision of foundations from 1750 to 1918. This period is characterized by the sovereigns’ endeavor to regulate the position of foundations via extensive legislation. In particular, a system of oversight for foundations was created in order to guarantee the attainment of their charitable goals. In fact, this system prevailed until the end of the 20thcentury.

The Judicial Council of the State of New York; Its Objectives, Methods, and Accomnlishments. I

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Saxe
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
The State ◽  
York State ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Law ◽  
Substantive Law

The Judicial Council and Its Objectives. My assignment is to implement Professor Sunderland's brilliant primer on judicial councils by a more specific presentation utilizing the experiences of the New York State Judicial Council. Of the three elements that enter into a consideration of the judicial branch of government, the first—the substantive law, the law of rights and duties—is not within the province of the judicial council either in New York or elsewhere. The second element—the machinery of justice—is the principal field of the judicial council. If the council does its work well in that field, attention cannot fail to be focused upon the third and most important element—also part of a judicial council's problems—the judicial personnel.

scholarly journals The Legal Position and Factual Situation of Women Participation to Inheritance in Kosovo

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
LL.M. Egzonis Hajdari
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Practical Situation ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Women Participation

The right to inheritance represents one of the basic human rights. As such this right is regulated by the law. The Law on Inheritance in Kosovo regulates substantially, all the issues related to inheritance. In this context, this Law contains numerous rules that proclaim full equality of women with men to inheritance.Regardless of equality proclaimed by law practical reality of life indicates a different situation. This reality proves that women participation to inheritance nevertheless is very small. The reasons for this situation are numerous and diverse, but mostly they have to deal with the still existence in people's conscience of many customary rules, which constantly treated women as a subject of second hand. In this article a modest attempt is made to reflect besides legal aspect also the practical situation indicating the degree of women participation to inheritance in Kosovo, in all grades that she may appear as heir.

scholarly journals RIGHTS OWNERSHIP TO CERTIFIED LAND CONFRONTED WITH THE CUSTOMARY LAW IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saim Aksnudin
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
The Status ◽  
Need For Support ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ownership Of Land

In the national development the role of land for the fulfillment of various purposes will increase, either as a place to live or for business activities. In relation to that will also increase the need for support in the form of guarantee of legal certainty in the field of land. The result of the research is the conception of the state of Indonesia is a state law, which contains the meaning in the administration of government and the state based on the law, the protection of the law is a universal concept of the rule of law. The legal certainty on land rights as intended by the UUPA encompasses three things, namely the certainty of the object of land rights, certainty on the subject of land rights and certainty about the status of landrights. Legal conception of land title certificate is a proof that issued by authorized legal institution, containing juridical data and physical data which isused as evidence of ownership of land rights in order to provide assurance of legal certainty and certainty of rights to a plot of land owned or possessed by a person or legal entity. With the certificate of rights, it is expected that the juridical can guarantee the legal certainty and the right by the state for the holder of the right to the land. This country's guarantee is granted to the owner or the holder of the certificate may be granted because the land is already registered in the state land administration system.

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