The World Health Organization’s Response to Emerging Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance and a Call for Global Action

To the EditorNovel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first notified in December 2019 from Wuhan, China. Now, it has spread rapidly and has been declared a pandemic affecting over 200 countries with widespread morbidity and mortality. It has been postulated that the most vulnerable population are the elderly, people living in crowded areas, children and immune-compromised individuals, such as people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The correlation of tuberculosis (TB), HIV and malnutrition are well documented and hence, people with tuberculosis should be considered as special population in this pandemic. TB is an ancient disease among humans recorded as far back as seventy thousand years which was declared a global public health emergency in 1993 by the World Health Organisation (WHO). India has the highest TB burden in the world.

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Global Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.14.2.327-335.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 327-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Helene D. Gayle ◽

Gena L. Hill

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Economic Effect ◽

World Health ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The World ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv Aids

SUMMARY This review provides information on the epidemiology, economic impact, and intervention strategies for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) at the end of 1999, an estimated 34.3 million people were living with HIV/AIDS. Most of the people living with HIV, 95% of the global total, live in developing countries. Examples of the impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Newly Independent States provide insight into the demographics, modes of exposure, treatment and prevention options, and the economic effect of the epidemic on the global community. The epidemic in each region of the world is influenced by the specific risk factors that are associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS and the responses that have evolved to address it. These influences are important in developing HIV/AIDS policies and programs to effectively address the global pandemic.

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Optimizing Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Inpatients Meeting the Criteria of Seriously Ill in the World Health Organization Algorithm

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/cix988 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (9) ◽

pp. 1419-1426 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Rulan Griesel ◽

Annemie Stewart ◽

Helen van der Plas ◽

Welile Sikhondze ◽

Molebogeng X Rangaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

World Health Organization ◽

World Health ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The World ◽

Tuberculosis Diagnosis ◽

Health Organization ◽

Seriously Ill

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A Tribute to Jonathan Mann: Health and Human Rights in the AIDS Pandemic

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.1998.tb01427.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 256-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lawrence O. Gostin

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

World Health ◽

Health And Human Rights ◽

International Program ◽

Aids Pandemic ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The World ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽

Health Organization ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome

It was a characteristically cold, bright morning in Geneva in 1986, and I had just taken the Number 8 bus from the Cornavin to the headquarters of the World Health Organization (WHO). I wandered into a cluttered and cramped office filled with unopened boxes and scattered papers. Jonathan Mann and a competent Swiss secretary, Edith Bernard, had just moved in. Together, they alone constituted the WHO team that would mobilize the global effort against an emerging plague-the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Jonathan had recently come from Kinshasa where he led Projet SIDA, an innovative international program to reduce the already weighty burden of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa.

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Can Australia Reach the World Health Organization Hepatitis C Elimination Goal by 2025 Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–positive Gay and Bisexual Men?

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 106-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David C Boettiger ◽

Luisa Salazar-Vizcaya ◽

Gregory J Dore ◽

Richard T Gray ◽

Matthew G Law ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Gay And Bisexual Men ◽

World Health ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Bisexual Men ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The World ◽

Hcv Transmission ◽

And Bisexual

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Australia are well engaged in care. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination target of an 80% reduction in incidence by 2030 may be reachable ahead of time in this population. Methods We predicted the effect of treatment and behavioral changes on HCV incidence among HIV-positive GBM up to 2025 using a HCV transmission model parameterized with Australian data. We assessed the impact of changes in behavior that facilitate HCV transmission in the context of different rates of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) use. Results HCV incidence in our model increased from 0.7 per 100 person-years in 2000 to 2.5 per 100 person-years in 2016 and had the same trajectory as previously reported clinical data. If the proportion of eligible (HCV RNA positive) patients using DAAs stays at 65% per year between 2016 and 2025, with high-risk sexual behavior and injecting drug use remaining at current levels, HCV incidence would drop to 0.4 per 100 person-years (85% decline from 2016). In the same treatment scenario but with substantial increases in risk behavior, HCV incidence would drop to 0.6 per 100 person-years (76% decline). If the proportion of eligible patients using DAAs dropped from 65% per year in 2016 to 20% per year in 2025 and risk behavior did not change, HCV incidence would drop to 0.7 per 100 person-years (70% reduction). Conclusions Reaching the WHO HCV elimination target by 2025 among HIV-positive GBM in Australia is achievable.

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