scholarly journals Emersion and Terrestrial Locomotion of the Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) on Multiple Substrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N R Bressman ◽  
J W Love ◽  
T W King ◽  
C G Horne ◽  
M A Ashley-Ross
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Artificial Turf ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Multiple Substrates ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Channa Argus ◽  
Tail Flip

Synopsis Most fishes known for terrestrial locomotion are small and/or elongate. Northern snakeheads (Channa argus) are large, air-breathing piscivores anecdotally known for terrestrial behaviors. Our goals were to determine their environmental motivations for emersion, describe their terrestrial kinematics for fish 3.0–70.0 cm and compare kinematics among four substrates. For emersion experiments, C. argus was individually placed into aquatic containers with ramps extending through the surface of the water, and exposed to 15 ecologically-relevant environmental conditions. For kinematic experiments, fish were filmed moving on moist bench liner, grass, artificial turf, and a flat or tilted rubber boat deck. Videos were digitized for analysis in MATLAB and electromyography was used to measure muscular activity. Only the low pH (4.8), high salinity (30 ppt), and high dCO2 (10% seltzer solution) treatments elicited emersion responses. While extreme, these conditions do occur in some of their native Asian swamps. Northern snakeheads >4.5 cm used a unique form of axial-appendage-based terrestrial locomotion involving cyclic oscillations of the axial body, paired with near-simultaneous movements of both pectoral fins. Individuals ≤3.5 cm used tail-flip jumps to travel on land. Northern snakeheads also moved more quickly on complex, three-dimensional substrates (e.g., grass) than on smooth substrates (e.g., bench liner), and when moving downslope. Release of snakeheads onto land by humans or accidentally by predators may be more common than voluntary emersion, but because northern snakeheads can respire air, it may be necessary to factor in the ability to spread overland into the management of this invasive species.

Fluid dynamics of flapping aquatic flight in the bird wrasse:three-dimensional unsteady computations with fin deformation

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (19) ◽  
pp. 2997-3008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Ramamurti ◽  
William C. Sandberg ◽  
Rainald Löhner ◽  
Jeffrey A. Walker ◽  
Mark W. Westneat
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Time History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Pectoral Fins

SUMMARY Many fishes that swim with the paired pectoral fins use fin-stroke parameters that produce thrust force from lift in a mechanism of underwater flight. These locomotor mechanisms are of interest to behavioral biologists,biomechanics researchers and engineers. In the present study, we performed the first three-dimensional unsteady computations of fish swimming with oscillating and deforming fins. The objective of these computations was to investigate the fluid dynamics of force production associated with the flapping aquatic flight of the bird wrasse Gomphosus varius. For this computational work, we used the geometry of the wrasse and its pectoral fin,and previously measured fin kinematics, as the starting points for computational investigation of three-dimensional (3-D) unsteady fluid dynamics. We performed a 3-D steady computation and a complete set of 3-D quasisteady computations for a range of pectoral fin positions and surface velocities. An unstructured, grid-based, unsteady Navier—Stokes solver with automatic adaptive remeshing was then used to compute the unsteady flow about the wrasse through several complete cycles of pectoral fin oscillation. The shape deformation of the pectoral fin throughout the oscillation was taken from the experimental kinematics. The pressure distribution on the body of the bird wrasse and its pectoral fins was computed and integrated to give body and fin forces which were decomposed into lift and thrust. The velocity field variation on the surface of the wrasse body, on the pectoral fins and in the near-wake was computed throughout the swimming cycle. We compared our computational results for the steady, quasi-steady and unsteady cases with the experimental data on axial and vertical acceleration obtained from the pectoral fin kinematics experiments. These comparisons show that steady state computations are incapable of describing the fluid dynamics of flapping fins. Quasi-steady state computations, with correct incorporation of the experimental kinematics, are useful when determining trends in force production, but do not provide accurate estimates of the magnitudes of the forces produced. By contrast, unsteady computations about the deforming pectoral fins using experimentally measured fin kinematics were found to give excellent agreement, both in the time history of force production throughout the flapping strokes and in the magnitudes of the generated forces.

Anatomical study of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) foot locomotor system

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Haitao Wang ◽  
Guiyin Zeng ◽  
Changhai Zhou ◽  
Runduo Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Relationship Of

The Ostrich is a native bird of Africa, and is highly accomplished in terrestrial locomotion in desert and grassland environments. The foot is an important segment in the ostrich body, critical for damping vibration, absorbing energy, and maintaining balance; however, detailed information on the ostrich foot is sparse. In this study, the gross anatomy of locomotor system of the ostrich foot was investigated using dissection and medical scan modeling. The paper contains a detailed study of the organizational structure and relative positional relationship of bones, tendons, and ligaments, which can be used for further three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, providing a solid foundation for the research of high speed, heavy load, and shock absorption mechanisms. The study also provides a theoretical basis for the research of robot travelling mechanisms and vehicles traversing desert or planetary terrain.

scholarly journals Highly efficient three-dimensional solar evaporator for high salinity desalination by localized crystallization

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Zhichao Dong ◽  
Zheren Cai ◽  
Turga Ganapathy ◽  
Niocholas X. Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Highly Efficient

scholarly journals MITOCHONDRIA IN CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS OF THE CANARY AND SOME OTHER BIRDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Slautterback
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ventricular Myocardium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Cardiac Muscle Cells ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Parallel Arrays

The fine structure of mitochondria from the ventricular myocardium of canaries, sparrows, zebra finches, quail, and geese has been studied. The first three of these birds have very fast heart rates, the quail being intermediate, and the goose has a relatively slow rate. The canary heart has a unique form of mitochondrion containing large, parallel arrays of zigzag or angled cristae. Other cristae, continuous with the zigzag ones and also occupying large parts of the mitochondrial volume, are named retiform because of the hexagonal network which they form, sometimes in a single plane and sometimes three dimensional. These two types of cristae appear to be interconnectible. It is possible that there is a direct functional significance in these peculiar forms, but, in any case, the relative constancy of dimensions in these arrays is probably related to specific properties of the molecules of which the cristal membrane is composed. It is also demonstrated that this membrane is composed in part of approximately 30-A particles which are believed to be protein molecules. This unusual mitochondrial morphology is not seen either in the other fast bird hearts or in the slower ones, so that there is neither a simple correlation with heart rate nor probably with the separate parts of the cardiac cycle. Although none of the other four hearts shows more than an occasional angled crista, there does seem to be a rather gross correlation between heart rate and mitochondrial size and complexity of crista structure, but no correlation with presence or absence of zigzag forms. The cristae of quail heart mitochondria are disposed in unusually large close-packed whorls.

scholarly journals Finding Aquaporins in Annelids: An Evolutionary Analysis and a Case Study

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3562
Author(s):  
Serena Mucciolo ◽  
Andrea Desiderato ◽  
Marika Salonna ◽  
Tomasz Mamos ◽  
Viviane Prodocimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Conserved Residues ◽  
Physiological Relevance

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane channels facilitating diffusion of water and small solutes into and out of cells. Despite their biological relevance in osmoregulation and ubiquitous distribution throughout metazoans, the presence of AQPs in annelids has been poorly investigated. Here, we searched and annotated Aqp sequences in public genomes and transcriptomes of annelids, inferred their evolutionary relationships through phylogenetic analyses and discussed their putative physiological relevance. We identified a total of 401 Aqp sequences in 27 annelid species, including 367 sequences previously unrecognized as Aqps. Similar to vertebrates, phylogenetic tree reconstructions clustered these annelid Aqps in four clades: AQP1-like, AQP3-like, AQP8-like and AQP11-like. We found no clear indication of the existence of paralogs exclusive to annelids; however, several gene duplications seem to have occurred in the ancestors of some Sedentaria annelid families, mainly in the AQP1-like clade. Three of the six Aqps annotated in Alitta succinea, an estuarine annelid showing high salinity tolerance, were validated by RT-PCR sequencing, and their similarity to human AQPs was investigated at the level of “key” conserved residues and predicted three-dimensional structure. Our results suggest a diversification of the structures and functions of AQPs in Annelida comparable to that observed in other taxa.

scholarly journals A mechanical piston action may assist pelvic–pectoral fin antagonism in tree-climbing fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 2121-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adhityo Wicaksono ◽  
Saifullah Hidayat ◽  
Bambang Retnoaji ◽  
Adolfo Rivero-Müller ◽  
Parvez Alam
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Finite Element Simulations ◽  
Morphological Investigation ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Biomimetic Robots ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pelvic Fin

In this research, we compared the anatomy and biomechanics of two species of mudskipper vs an aquatic sandgoby in view of terrestrial locomotion. Of particular interest was the relationship (if any) of pectoral fin movement with pelvic fin movement. We show that the pelvic fins of the terrestrial mudskippers studied herein, are retractable and move antagonistically with the pectoral fins. The pelvic fin of the sandgoby studied here is contrarily non-retractable and drags on any underlying substrate that the sandgoby tries to crawl across. We find that the pelvic and pectoral fin muscles of all fish are separated, but that the pectoral fins of the mudskipper species have bulkier radial muscles than the sandgoby. By coupling a detailed morphological investigation of pectoral-pelvic fins musculature with finite element simulations, we find that unlike sandgobies, the mudskipper species are able to mechanically push the pelvic fins downward as pectoral fins retract. This allows for an instant movement of pelvic fins during the pectoral fin backward stroke and as such the pelvic fins stabilize mudskippers through Stefan attachment of their pelvic fins. This mechanism seems to be efficient and energy saving and we hypothesize that the piston-like action might benefit pelvic–pectoral fin antagonism by facilitating a mechanical down-thrust. Our research on the biomechanics of tree-climbing fish provides ideas and greater potential for the development of energetically more efficient systems of ambulation in biomimetic robots.

Applying central pattern generators to control the robofish with oscillating pectoral fins

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 392-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Cao ◽  
Shusheng Bi ◽  
Yueri Cai ◽  
Yuliang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Cownose Ray ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
And Control ◽  
Scientific Tool ◽  
Oscillation Characteristics

Purpose – This paper aims to develop a robofish with oscillating pectoral fins, and control it to mimic the bionic prototype by central pattern generators (CPGs). Design/methodology/approach – First, the oscillation characteristics of the cownose ray were analyzed quantitatively. Second, a robofish with multi-joint pectoral fins was developed according to the bionic morphology and kinematics. Third, the improved phase oscillator was established, which contains a spatial asymmetric coefficient and a temporal asymmetric coefficient. Moreover, the CPG network is created to mimic the cownose ray and accomplish three-dimensional (3D) motions. Finally, the experiments were done to test the authors ' works. Findings – The results demonstrate that the CPGs is effective to control the robofish to imitate the cownose ray realistically. In addition, the robofish is able to accomplish 3D motions of high maneuverability, and change among different swimming modes quickly and smoothly. Originality/value – The research provides the method to develop a robofish from both 3D morphology and kinematics. The motion analysis and CPG control make sure that the robofish has the features of high maneuverability and camouflage. It is useful for military underwater applications and underwater detections in narrow environments. Second, this work lays the foundation for the autonomous 3D control. Moreover, the robotic fish can be taken as a scientific tool for the fluid bionics research.

scholarly journals Motion Control of a Three-Dimensional Eel-like Robot Without Pectoral Fins

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 750-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. El Rafei ◽  
M. Alamir ◽  
M. Porez ◽  
N. Marchand ◽  
F. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pectoral Fins
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