Extraction of Sulfamethazine from Feed Samples

Mycotoxins are products resulting from fungi metabolism normally present in the environment and which can develop in food. The aim of this study was the fungi quantification, aflatoxin detection and investigation of ergot alkaloids occurrence in pelleted feed for adult equines during storage. The feed samples were collected from three rural properties with equideoculture activity in the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. The results showed that was no significant difference (p<0.05) for the counting of colony-forming units (CFU/g) of filamentous fungi and yeasts in the samples. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were found in acceptable amounts and the other fungal metabolites: ergometrine, griseofulvin, festuclavin, ergine and lysergol. Concluding, the results of this study demonstrate that amount of filamentous fungi and the water activity present in the original package remain constant after six days of storage. Four types of aflatoxins were found: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and the Ergot alkaloids: ergine, ergometrine, festuclavine, griseofulvin and lisergol in amounts within acceptable limits. These groups of toxic compounds produced by fungi can be present in equine feed and may lead to a risk to their health.

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Ion Suppression Study for Tetracyclines in Feed

Chromatography Research International ◽

10.1155/2012/135854 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Joaquim Chico ◽

Frederique van Holthoon ◽

Tina Zuidema

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Sample Treatment ◽

Suppression Effect ◽

Mcilvaine Buffer ◽

Ion Suppression ◽

Conventional Analysis ◽

Oasis Hlb ◽

Extraction Solvents ◽

Feed Samples

Ion suppression in analysis of tetracyclines in feed was studied. The conventional analysis consists of a liquid extraction followed by a clean-up step using solid phase extraction (SPE) technique and analysis of the tetracyclines by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. Various strategies for extraction and cleanup were tested in the present work, and the effectiveness to decrease the ion suppression on the MS/MS signals was evaluated. Four sample treatment methods were tested with five different feed samples. Extraction solvents tested were McIlvaine buffer and a mixture of McIlvaine buffer dichloromethane (3 : 1). SPE cartridges for cleanup were Oasis HLB, Oasis MCX, and Oasis MAX. The effectiveness of the methods was evaluated in terms of decreasing the ion suppression effect but also of decreasing the variability of ion suppression between samples. The method that provided the most satisfactory results involved a clean-up step based on SPE using mixed-mode cation exchange cartridges (Oasis MCX).

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Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of the Naphthalene Dicarboxaldehyde Derivative of Fumonisins

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/77.2.501 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 501-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Glenn A Bennett ◽

John L Richard

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Hydrolysis Products ◽

Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽

Strong Anion Exchange ◽

Extraction Solvents ◽

The Stability ◽

Liquid Chromatographic ◽

Naphthalene Dicarboxaldehyde

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining fumonisins in corn, feed, and laboratory cultures was optimized. We investigated the efficiency of extraction solvents, the performance of cleanup columns, the stability of fluorescent derivatives, and the efficiency of LC columns to separate deri-vatized fumonisins from interferences so that we could develop a sensitive, reliable assay for fumonisins. Maximum extraction efficiency was accomplished by shaking contaminated samples in acetonitrile–water (50 + 50, v/v) for 1 h; methanol–water mixtures and other ratios of acetonitrile–water were less efficient. Solid-phase extraction cleanups on reversed-phase Cia and strong anion exchange (SAX) columns were compared. The SAX columns were very efficient in isolating fumonisins from crude extracts; however, only the C18 columns could be used to partially purify fumonisin hydrolysis products. A highly fluorescent and stable derivative, prepared from naphthalene-2,3-dicar-boxaldehyde, proved to be suitable for LC analysis. Both parent compounds and hydrolysis products were separated in a simple gradient systjem of acetonitrile-acetic acid and water-acetic acid in less than 30 min.

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Quantification of Odorants in Animal Feeds at Commercial Swine and Poultry Operations

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12611 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 693-698

Author(s):

Xufei Yang ◽

Yaowapa Lorjaroenphon ◽

Hong Li ◽

Keith . R Cadwallader ◽

Xinlei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Animal Health ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Production Performance ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Animal Feeds ◽

Feed Samples

Abstract. Odorants in animal feeds may come from various processes, such as fermentation and decay of feed ingredients, contamination by fecal materials, and sorption of volatiles in the air of animal houses. Those odorants may affect feed flavor and may serve as indicators of feed quality. The objective of this study was to examine the composition and concentration of odorants in animal feeds and to explore the variability of those odorants with animal operation type and season. Thirty-seven feed samples were collected from 14 swine and poultry operations in the U.S. Midwest and were submitted for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of 55 organic odorants were quantitated, including fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Those compounds together accounted for 0.46% ±0.20% of fresh feed mass, with the highest percentage (0.54% ±0.19%) found at layer hen houses and the lowest percentage (0.38% ±0.14%) at swine farrowing houses. Acetic acid and ethanol were most abundant, accounting for 0.22% ±0.13% and 0.13% ±0.07% of fresh feed mass, respectively. Fecal indicators, including indole and skatole, were <5 ppm by mass. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the variability in odorant composition was largely ascribed to two loading factors that were dominated by acetic acid and ethanol, respectively. The odorant composition of feed samples showed no significant effect by animal operation type, while a gradual seasonal change was noted. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the causes of odorants in animal feeds and their implications for animal health and production performance. Keywords: Animal feed, Animal operation, GC-MS, Odorant, Principal component analysis.

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Sodium buffered formic acid concentration and feed pH is stable over a 3-month period

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab085 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A R Huss ◽

C K Jones ◽

C R Stark ◽

S A Fleming ◽

R N Dilger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Foodborne Illnesses ◽

Acid Product ◽

Pelleted Feed ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

The Stability ◽

Finishing Feed ◽

Feed Samples

Abstract Promoting feed hygiene with organic acids is an effective method to prevent foodborne illnesses from bacterial infection. The stability and acidification of mash and pelleted feed with sodium buffered formic acid was investigated. The acid product was incorporated to reach total formate inclusion levels of 0, 6, or 12 g/kg for swine nursery feed; 0, 4, or 9 g/kg for swine finishing feed; and 0, 3, or 6 g/kg for broiler grower feed. Samples were analyzed for total formate and pH on d 4, 32, 60, or 88 post-manufacturing. The concentration of formate remained stable across an 88-d period (P < 0.01). Treatment with the formic acid product decreased feed pH with increasing inclusion levels (all P < 0.01). Within each inclusion level of acid and across time, pH tended to increase in pelleted feeds and decrease in mash feeds (all P < 0.01); however, these changes were small (0.1 units pH). These data suggest that sodium buffered formic acid can be applied to both mash and pelleted feed to provide continuous acidification over a 3-month period.

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Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Riboflavin in Feeds

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/86.2.197 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 197-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nancy L Britton ◽

Ken L Riter ◽

Robert L Smallidge ◽

Joseph Hillebrandt

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Steam Bath ◽

Chromatographic Determination ◽

Target Volume ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Official Method ◽

Limit Of Quantitation ◽

Feed Samples

Abstract A method for determination of riboflavin in animal feeds using liquid chromatography (LC) was developed for feed samples fortified with riboflavin at 1 mg/lb or greater (up to 10 000 mg/lb). Feed samples were extracted in 0.1N HCl with heating on a steam bath for 30 min, followed immediately by mechanical shaking for 30 min. Sample extracts were diluted to target volume with 2%acetic acid and filtered; riboflavin was determined by LC on a reversed-phase C18 column with 2% acetic acid–acetonitrile (85 + 15) mobile phase for separation and fluorescence detection with excitation at 460 nm and emission at 530 nm. The extraction was compared with that of the AOAC Official Method for riboflavin in food and feed premixes. The 2 method extractions were not significantly different from each other at the 95% confidence level. The developed method also had good linearity over 4 orders of magnitude, recovery of 95–99% from spiked feed samples, a limit of detection of riboflavin at 0.00034 μg/mL in solution, a limit of quantitation of 0.023 mg/lb in feed, and good ruggedness.

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Distillation Sequence Efficiency (DSE) for Suitable Liquid-Liquid Extraction Solvents: Acetic Acid Extraction with TOA

Computer Aided Chemical Engineering - 27th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering ◽

10.1016/b978-0-444-63965-3.50068-4 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 397-402

Author(s):

Alexandra Elena Bonet-Ruiz ◽

Rafael Luna Surinyach ◽

Valentin Plesu ◽

Jordi Bonet ◽

Petrica Iancu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Acid Extraction ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Acetic Acid Extraction ◽

Extraction Solvents ◽

Sequence Efficiency

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Ectodesmata as Revealed By Freeze-Etch Preparations of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100072782 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 468-469

Author(s):

N.C. Lyon ◽

W. C. Mueller

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Nitric Acid ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Epidermal Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

Thin Sections

Schumacher and Halbsguth first demonstrated ectodesmata as pores or channels in the epidermal cell walls in haustoria of Cuscuta odorata L. by light microscopy in tissues fixed in a sublimate fixative (30% ethyl alcohol, 30 ml:glacial acetic acid, 10 ml: 65% nitric acid, 1 ml: 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml: oxalic acid, 2 g: mecuric chloride to saturation 2-3 g). Other workers have published electron micrographs of structures transversing the outer epidermal cell in thin sections of plant leaves that have been interpreted as ectodesmata. Such structures are evident following treatment with Hg++ or Ag+ salts and are only rarely observed by electron microscopy. If ectodesmata exist without such treatment, and are not artefacts, they would afford natural pathways of entry for applied foliar solutions and plant viruses.

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