Salmonella in Animal Feeds: A Scoping Review

The objective of this study was to describe the volume and nature of published literature on Salmonella in animal feeds using a formal scoping review methodology. A structured search followed by eligibility screening resulted in the identification of 547 relevant studies, encompassing studies conducted in the fields in which animal feeds are grown (15 studies), the manufacturing sector (106), during transportation (11), in the retail sector (15), and on-farm (226), with the sector not described for 204 studies. The most common study purposes were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in animal feeds (372 studies) and to identify serovars (195). The serovars that were found in animal feeds included serovars associated with human illness, with animal illness, and with serovars identified in food (livestock and poultry) intended for human consumption. There were 120 intervention studies and 83 studies conducted to evaluate potential risk factors. Within intervention and risk factor studies, there may be sufficient depth to warrant synthesis research in the areas of heat interventions, fermentation and ensiling, organic acids, season, and geographic region. Some deficiencies were identified in the completeness of reporting of key features in the relevant studies.

121 Use of Fermentation Co-products in Pet Food and Animal Feeds

Fermentation is used to create foods and beverages that are enjoyed by people around the world. Similarly, fermentation creates direct opportunities for feed application such as fermented liquid feed or fermented feedstuffs. Other opportunities exist: fermentation followed by extraction of a main product for human or biofuel application also creates co-products that require application in petfood or animal feeds for valorization. Indeed, cereal grains are fermented to produce beer, distilled spirits, or bioethanol and their associated co-products can be fed either wet or dry. For example, traditional beer production using fermentation of barley grain produces abundant brewer’s spent grains and also brewer’s spent hops and yeast as co-products. Brewer’s spent grains are mostly fed wet to ruminants due to its greater fiber content than barley grain and avoiding the cost of its drying required for compound feed application. Wet brewer’s yeast can be used as feedstuff in liquid feed systems for swine. Dried brewer’s yeast can be considered for pet food application due to included nutrients, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Other cereal grains such as corn and rice are also used for beer production. Whiskey is produced using fermentation of an array of cereal grains, and distiller’s co-products have traditionally been fed wet or dry mostly to cattle. For the last two decades, large-scale production of ethanol as biofuel has created the co-product distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as commodity feedstuff. Subsequently, DDGS has been used in livestock feed and petfood as protein source. With animal feed application, dietary inclusion of fermentation co-products provides opportunities for circular agriculture whereby nutrients excreted by livestock will be applied to soil to support grain production. Finally, depending on price and quality, fermentation co-products may be part of pet food and livestock feed formulations to achieve competitive cost and functionality.

Developing seaweed/macroalgae as feed for pigs

Macroalgae are a promising source of nutritional ingredients including proteins, polysaccharides and minerals. The need to increase animal and feed production has increased interest in macroalgae as underutilised resources with promising applications as alternative animal feeds. This chapter summarizes the nutritional attributes of macroalgae in terms of macro and micronutrients as a source of protein and other compounds in pig nutrition. The benefits of macroalgae or macroalgal derived extracts in feed are discussed together with future trends and challenges in the development of effective feed formulations.

Seaweed as a potential protein supplement in animal feeds

With increasing demand for meat and dairy products but limited capacity for expanding crop production, there is need for alternative feed sources. Careful selection of seaweed species based on nutrient content and profiles could allow successful use of seaweed as an alternative protein supplement in animal feeds. This chapter introduces seaweed as a potential alternative protein supplement in animal feeds as well as current challenges in its use.

Heavy metals in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis: Are they safe as animal feeds?

The objective of this study was to compare the cited data of Cd and Pb levels in the green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) with established maximum limits of both metals by European Union (EU) legislation for animal feeds. It was found that most mussel populations from Malaysia (90% for Cd; 87.5% for Pb) and Hong Kong (96.2% for Cd; 100% for Pb) were found to have lower levels of Cd and Pb than the maximum limits for animal feeds by EU. Therefore, both toxic metals based on the feeds of mussel meats on the animals should not pose serious toxicological effects. However, the meat of P. viridis are potential animal feeds similarly to the fish meal. Considering the accumulation of metals in the long term, future biomonitoring of Cd and Pb should focus on animal feed materials on mussel-based origins. Keywords: Animal Feed; Mussels; Safety

LC-ESI/QTOF-MS Profiling of Chicory and Lucerne Polyphenols and Their Antioxidant Activities

Chicory and lucerne are used as specialised forages in sheep or dairy production systems in some parts of the world. Recently, these plants are gaining attention as raw materials in the search for natural antioxidants for use in animal feeds, human foods and nutraceutical formulations. The antioxidant potential of these plants is credited to polyphenols, a subgroup of phytochemicals. Therefore, phenolic characterisation is an essential step before their use as ingredients in animal feeds, human food or nutraceutical preparations. In this study, we performed qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols in chicory and lucerne. Profiling of polyphenols from chicory and lucerne was performed by LC-ESI/QTOF-MS with a total of 80 phenolic compounds identified in chicory and lucerne. The quantification of polyphenols was achieved by high performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a photo diode array (HPLC-PDA). Chicoric acid was the major phenolic acid found in chicory, with the highest concentration (1692.33 ± 0.04 µg/g DW) among all the polyphenols quantified in this study. 2-hydroxybenzoic acid was the major phenolic acid found in lucerne, with the highest concentration of 1440.64 ± 0.04 µg/g DW. Total phenolic, flavonoids and total tannin contents were measured, and the antioxidant potential was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid, Hydroxyl (OH−) Radical Scavenging Activity, Chelating Ability of Ferrous Ion (Fe+2) and Reducing Power (RPA) assays. Both chicory (8.04 ± 0.33 mg AAE/g DW) and lucerne (11.29 ± 0.25 mg AAE/g DW) showed high values for Hydroxyl (OH−) Radical Scavenging Activity. The current study allowed us to draw a profile of polyphenols from chicory and lucerne. They provided a molecular fingerprint useful for the application of these plant materials in human foods, animal feeds and pharmaceutical formulations.