scholarly journals 164 Evaluation of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of 11- to 22-kg pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A 21-d experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) and determine the effects of increasing SBM on pig performance. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050), initially 11.0 kg, were placed in pens containing 20 to 27 pigs. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids and corn. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Cull pigs and mortality were evaluated daily. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with a decrease in ADG observed with 39% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.069) for an increase in G:F up to 33% SBM and an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.063) in CE with increasing SBM. There was no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.457) in cull pigs and mortality. Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 2,816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 3,236 kcal/kg NE. The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE. The energy value of SBM was estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, which is much greater than the NRC (2012) would suggest.

31 Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal Relative to Dehulled, Solvent-extracted Soybean Meal and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Author(s):  
Allison K Blomme ◽  
Haley Wecker ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract This study aimed to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and lysine for the SBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, 2.99% respectively. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 200 x 400) were placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed common diets for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for lysine:amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SBM diet was formulated to 2421 kcal/kg and net energy (NE) was not balanced between diets. Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. In conclusion, using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 123% of SBM NE or 2566 kcal/kg. This increase in NE resulted in improved feed efficiency of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals PSVI-20 Evaluating the productive energy content of high-protein distillers dried grains in swine diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400×200; initially 11.1 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on pig performance and to estimate the productive energy of HP DDG. Pens with 5 pigs each were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments included diets with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG formulated by changing corn and feed-grade amino acid levels. Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by dietary net energy (NE) and dividing by ADG. The NE of HP DDG was estimated at 1,914 kcal/kg by using Noblet et al. (1994) equation and NRC (2012) values were used for corn. Productive energy was estimated based the average caloric efficiency of the HP DDG diets relative to the diet without HP DDG. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG and ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.051) for a quadratic response in G:F. There was a linear improvement (P < 0.01) in caloric efficiency with increasing HP DDG (3,876, 3,753, 3,676, 3,520, and 3,300 kcal/kg, respectively). The productive energy of HP DDG was estimated as 2,686 kcal/kg or 97.3% of corn NE. In summary, high levels of HP DDG negatively impacted growth performance. The equation used to estimate NE of HP DDG resulted in underestimated values. The productive energy of HP DDG is approximately 97% of corn NE.

scholarly journals Effects of high-protein distillers dried grains on growth performance of nursery pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Caloric Efficiency

Abstract A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400 × 200, Columbus, NE), initially 11.1 kg, were used in a study to evaluate the effects of increasing amounts of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on growth performance and to estimate its energy value relative to corn. Pigs were weaned, placed in pens with 5 pigs each, and fed a common diet for 21 d after weaning. Then, pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 5 treatments with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG, formulated by changing only the amounts of corn and feed-grade amino acids. Pigs were weighed weekly for 21 d to evaluate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by kcal of net energy (NE) per kg of diet and dividing by ADG. The NE values for corn and soybean meal were obtained from NRC (2012), and initial estimates for HP DDG NE were derived from the Noblet et al. (1994) equation. The energy of HP DDG was estimated based on caloric efficiency relative to the diet without HP DDG. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P &lt; 0.01) in ADG, ADFI, and final body weight. There was a tendency for a quadratic response (P = 0.051) in G:F, with the greatest G:F observed for pigs fed diets with 40% HP DDG. There was a linear reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in caloric efficiency with increasing amounts of HP DDG, indicating the initial NE estimate of HP DDG was underestimated. The use of caloric efficiency to estimate the energy value of HP DDG presents several limitations. This approach assumes that the NE values of corn and soybean meal are accurate and does not take into account possible changes in body composition, which can influence the G:F response as leaner pigs are more efficient. In conclusion, increasing HP DDG in the diet linearly decreased ADG and ADFI. Using caloric efficiency to estimate energy content relative to corn, the HP DDG used in this study was estimated to be 97.3% of the energy value of corn. Direct or indirect calorimetry is needed to confirm this value.

scholarly journals 263 Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 87-88
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.

scholarly journals Effects of standardized total tract digestible phosphorus on growth performance of 11- to 23-kg pigs fed diets with or without phytase1,2

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4032-4040
Author(s):  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Fangzhou Wu ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Ca:P Ratio ◽  
Fitting Model

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P) requirement for 11- to 23-kg nursery pigs fed diets with or without phytase. A total of 1,080 and 2,140 pigs (PIC 359 × Camborough, Hendersonville, TN; initially 11.4 ± 0.29 and 11.1 ± 0.24 kg) were used in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. There were 23 to 27 pigs per pen with 6 and 12 replicate pens per treatment in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. After weaning, pigs were fed a common pelleted diet with 0.45% STTD P for 7 d, and a common phase 2 meal diet with 0.40% STTD P for 14 d in Exp. 1 and 18 d in Exp. 2. Pens of pigs were then allotted to dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with body weight (BW) as the blocking factor. In Exp. 1, dietary treatments consisted of 0.26%, 0.30%, 0.33%, 0.38%, 0.43%, 0.48%, and 0.53% STTD P. Treatments were achieved with the inclusion of monocalcium phosphate at the expense of corn. In Exp. 2, diets contained 1,000 phytase units (FYT; Ronozyme Hiphos 2500, DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) with assumed release value 0.132% STTD P, and treatments consisted of 0.30%, 0.33%, 0.38%, 0.43%, 0.48%, 0.53%, and 0.58% STTD P. These STTD P concentrations included the expected phytase release of 0.132% STTD P. In both experiments, a similar 1.17:1 Ca:P ratio was maintained across treatments. Statistical models included linear model (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). In Exp. 1, increasing STTD P increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, G:F, final BW, and grams of STTD P intake per day and per kilogram of gain. There was also a marginal quadratic response for G:F (P < 0.066). In Exp. 2, ADG and G:F increased quadratically (P < 0.05), whereas ADFI increased linearly (P = 0.060) with increasing STTD P. The BLL and QP model provided similar fit to G:F in Exp. 1, estimating the requirement for maximum G:F at 0.34% and 0.42%, respectively. The BLL was the best fitting model for ADG and G:F in Exp. 2, estimating the breakpoint at 0.40% and 0.37% STTD P, respectively. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint for ADG as a function of STTD P intake in grams per day at 2.92 and 3.02 g/d, respectively. These data provide empirical evidence that for 11- to 23-kg pigs, the NRC (2012) accurately estimates the STTD P requirement on a g/d basis. As a percentage of the diet, the STTD P requirement for diets without or with 1,000 FYT added phytase ranged from 0.34% to 0.42%.

scholarly journals PSV-21 effects of soybean meal and net energy level on nursery pig performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 203-203
Author(s):  
Brittany Carrender ◽  
Hayden E Williams ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract Nursery pigs (n = 3,796; 17.6 kg BW) were used in a 22-d study evaluating the effects of increasing soybean meal on nursery pig performance. At 8 weeks of age, pens were allotted to treatment based on location in a randomized complete block design with 39 to 40 pigs per pen. Ten pens were placed on the positive control treatment and 12 pens placed on all other treatments. Experimental diets were fed in one phase (d 0 to 22) in meal form. Treatments included a positive control diet with 40% soybean meal and 1.8% choice white grease. Six diets were formulated with increasing soybean meal (17.5 to 40%) without added fat. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 13, and 22 to determine ADG, ADFI, G:F and NE efficiency. Growth data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Growth data were evaluated using linear and quadratic effects of soybean meal level and a pairwise comparison of the 40% soybean meal treatments with and without added fat. An outbreak of E. coli-associated disease was noted in the first 2 weeks of the experiment. Overall, increasing soybean meal tended to decrease (linear; P = 0.070) ADG, decreased (linear; P = 0.0001) ADFI, improved (linear; P = 0.0001) G:F and caloric efficiency, and reduced (linear; P = 0.050) removal rate (Table 1). Pigs fed the positive control had decreased (P = 0.019) ADFI and improved (P = 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed the 40% soybean meal diet without added fat. These results suggest the net energy value for soybean meal was underestimated in diet formulation. Increasing soybean meal level in the diet reduced removal rate, suggesting soybean meal may provide added health benefits beside amino acids and energy.

scholarly journals Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs12

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 694-707
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) level in diets with or without 25% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of nursery pigs raised in university or commercial facilities. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5%, 32.5%, or 37.5% of the diet) and DDGS (0% or 25% of the diet). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg were used in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. After weaning, pigs were fed common diets for approximately 21 d. Then, pens of pigs were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking factor and experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as a random effect and treatment as a fixed effect. Single degree-of-freedom contrasts were constructed to test the linear and quadratic effects of increasing SBM and their interactions with DDGS. Pigs used in all experiments did not undergo major health challenges during the experimental period and due to the low number of mortality and cull events, statistical analysis was not performed on these variables. The average cull rate was 0.7%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0%, and the mortality rate was 0.7%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0% in Exp. 1–4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistently observed across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments, as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments.

scholarly journals PSIV-6 Effect of dietary fiber source on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 181-182
Author(s):  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Lori L Thomas ◽  
Michaela B Braun ◽  
Courtney N Truelock ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 288 pigs (DNA 600 × 241; initially 50.7 kg) were used in an 86-d experiment to determine the effect of dietary fiber source on finishing pig performance. Thirty-six pens of 4 barrows and 4 gilts/pen (total 8 pigs/pen) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal control (8.7% neutral detergent fiber, NDF), 20% dried distillers grains (DDGS; 13.6% NDF) or 14.5% sugar beet pulp (SBP; 13.6% NDF). Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 86 in 3 phases. Diets were balanced to constant NE and SID lysine within phase. Net energy values for ingredients were 2,672 kcal/kg, 2,343 kcal/kg, and 1,734 kcal/kg for corn, DDGS, and SBP, respectively. Overall, there was no evidence for treatment difference in ADG or ADFI. Pigs fed DDGS had a tendency for poorer G:F compared to pigs fed the control or 14.5% SBP diets (P < 0.10). Caloric efficiency of net energy (NE) was poorer (P < 0.10) in pigs fed DDGS compared to those fed control and SBP. There was a tendency for decreased (P < 0.07) hot carcass weight and decreased (P < 0.05) carcass yield in pigs fed DDGS and SBP compared to those fed the control diet. Loin depth tended to decrease (P < 0.10) in pigs fed SBP compared to the control with pigs fed DDGS being intermediate. Therefore, pigs fed DDGS tended to have poorer feed efficiency compared to those fed the control diet or SBP. This can be explained by the overestimation of NE demonstrated by an increase in caloric efficiency. Increasing dietary NDF reduced carcass yield. http://www.conferenceharvester.com/

scholarly journals PSIV-3 Comparison of nursery pig feed programs with or without spray dried plasma

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 182-183
Author(s):  
Joe D Crenshaw ◽  
Joy M Campbell ◽  
Javier Polo
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
A Value ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objective was to determine if a 3-phase feed program (CON) without spray-dried bovine plasma (SDP) using a budgeted amount of phase 1 diet (2.3 kg/pig), followed by phase 2 diet offered to d 21 post-weaning results in similar pig performance and economics compared to a 3-phase program (SDP) using 5% SDP in phase 1 diet provided d 0-14, 1.25% SDP in phase 2 diet offered d 14-21 post-weaning, with both programs using a common phase 3 diet without SDP offered d 21-48 post-weaning. Female weaned pigs (18–21 d of age; 5.02 ± 0.07 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted by BW to pens in 2 rooms to provide 23–24 pigs/pen (666 total pigs) and 14 pens/feed program. Pen data was analyzed using a randomized complete block design for effects of room and feed program using the covariance of initial BW. By d 14 pigs fed program SDP had higher (P < 0.01) ADG (159 vs 111 g/d), GF (0.85 vs 0.54), BW (7.3 vs 6.6 kg) and tended (P = 0.06) to have lower ADFI (191 vs 205 g/d) compared to CON program. By d 48 pigs fed SDP program had higher (P < 0.05) final BW (25.2 vs 24.2 kg), GF (0.60 vs 0.57) and tended (P = 0.09) to have higher ADG than CON program. Pig mortality and culls did not differ (P > 0.10) between feed programs. Assuming $4.40 kg BW, income and feed cost/pig was higher (P < 0.05) for SDP vs CON program with a value over cost advantage (P = 0.12) of $2.95/pig fed SDP. In conclusion lower cost feed programs without SDP can result in less income due to reduced final BW and GF by the end of the nursery.

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