Predicting the Potential Invasive Range of Klambothrips myopori (Thysanopetra: Phlaeothripidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1202-1210
Author(s):  
Christopher Shogren ◽  
Timothy Paine
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Ecological Niche Models ◽  
Invasive Range ◽  
Maxent Model ◽  
Environmental Suitability ◽  
Thermal Constants ◽  
Developmental Rates

Abstract Temperature-driven development of myoporum thrips, Klambothrips myopori (Thysanopetra: Phlaeothripidae), was examined at seven constant temperatures (15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 34, and 35.5°C) on Myoporum laetum Forst (Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae). Thrips successfully completed development to adult stage between 15 and 35.5°C. One linear and three nonlinear models were fitted to describe developmental rates of K. myopori as a function of temperature, and for estimating thermal constants and bioclimatic thresholds (Tmin, Topt, and Tmax). The Briere-1 model performed best in describing the developmental rate of cumulative life stages. Two ecological niche models, CLIMEX and Maxent, were used to predict the geographic distribution of K. myopori in its native range and globally. Overall predictions of environmental suitability differed greatly across models. The CLIMEX model accurately predicted known invasive and native localities, while the Maxent model failed to predict the native localities and parts of the invasive range. Based on the CLIMEX model, K. myopori has the potential to establish in many regions of the globe.

scholarly journals Molecular Correlation between Larval, Deutonymph and Adult Stages of the Water Mite Arrenurus (Micruracarus) Novus

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Pedro María Alarcón-Elbal ◽  
Ricardo García-Jiménez ◽  
María Luisa Peláez ◽  
Jose Luis Horreo ◽  
Antonio G. Valdecasas
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Molecular Correlation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Morphological Transformations

The systematics of many groups of organisms has been based on the adult stage. Morphological transformations that occur during development from the embryonic to the adult stage make it difficult (or impossible) to identify a juvenile (larval) stage in some species. Hydrachnidia (Acari, Actinotrichida, which inhabit mainly continental waters) are characterized by three main active stages—larval, deutonymph and adult—with intermediate dormant stages. Deutonymphs and adults may be identified through diagnostic morphological characters. Larvae that have not been tracked directly from a gravid female are difficult to identify to the species level. In this work, we compared the morphology of five water mite larvae and obtained the molecular sequences of that found on a pupa of the common mosquito Culex (Culex) pipiens with the sequences of 51 adults diagnosed as Arrenurus species and identified the undescribed larvae as Arrenurus (Micruracarus) novus. Further corroborating this finding, adult A. novus was found thriving in the same mosquito habitat. We established the identity of adult and deutonymph A. novus by morphology and by correlating COI and cytB sequences of the water mites at the larval, deutonymph and adult (both male and female) life stages in a particular case of ‘reverse taxonomy’. In addition, we constructed the Arrenuridae phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA, which supports the idea that three Arrenurus subgenera are ‘natural’: Arrenurus, Megaluracarus and Micruracarus, and the somewhat arbitrary distinction of the species assigned to the subgenus Truncaturus.

Life table parameters of Iranian population, Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) fed on soybean leaves 

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Hassanvand ◽  
Shahriar Jafari ◽  
Masoumeh Khanjani
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Tetranychus Kanzawai ◽  
Life Table Parameters ◽  
Critical Temperatures

The effects of six ambient temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 37.5ºC) on life table parameters of Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Tetranychidae) were studied under laboratory conditions on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Total immature developmental time of females at the above-mentioned temperatures was 28.55, 16.34, 9.01, 6.96, 5.56 and 5.65 days, respectively. A linear and two nonlinear models of Lactin and SSI were fitted to developmental rate of immature stages of T. kanzawai to predict the developmental rate as a function of temperature, as well as to estimate the thermal constant (k) and critical temperatures. The estimated k for total immature developmental time of females and males was 134.58 and 126.74 DD, respectively. The estimated Topt and Tmax by Lactin model for overall immature stages were 36.20 and 40.70ºC, respectively. Intrinsic optimum temperature (TФ) and T1 (Topt) by SSI model for total immature stages was estimated to be 23.23 and 35.71ºC, respectively. Also the estimated TL and Th of SSI model for overall immature stage were 09.21 and 38.46ºC, respectively. The longest and shortest adult longevity was observed at 15°C (60.63 days), and 37.5°C (7.34 days), respectively. Mated females laid highest and lowest eggs at 25°C (237.96 eggs) and 37.5°C (30.54 eggs), respectively. The rm values ranged from 0.356 day-1 at 30°C to 0.089 day-1at 15°C. The highest value of R0 was 163.55 offspring female-1 at 25°C. The presented information in this study provided new perspective to better management of T. kanzawai on apple trees in Iran.

Temperature-dependent development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Farazmand ◽  
Masood Amir-maafi ◽  
Remzi Atlihan
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Amblyseius Swirskii ◽  
Wide Range

In this study, developmental time of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot feeding on immature stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch was evaluated at eight constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35, and 37.5 °C) providing 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16 L: 8 D. Duration of the egg to adult developmental time decreased sharply with increasing temperature, except at 37.5°C. To describe the developmental rate of A. swirskii as a function of temperature, one linear and 9 nonlinear models (Logan-6, Logan-10, Lactin-1, Lactin-2, Briere-1, Briere-2, Analytis-3, Polynomial, and Equation-16) were fitted. The lower temperature threshold (T0) and the thermal constant (K) were estimated by the linear model for the total immature stage as 7.90 °C and 140.85 DD, respectively. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and R2adj, Polynomial, Analytis-3, Analytis-3, Logan-10 and Briere-2 were the best models for eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs and total immature stages of A. swirskii, respectively. Our findings showed that development and predation of A. swirskii occurs in a wide range of temperatures. Therefore, this predatory mite could be applied in control of T. urticae in different weather conditions.

The development of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on artificially infected post smolts of sea trout (Salmo trutta)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 970-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Arne Bjørn ◽  
Bengt Finstad
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Sea Trout ◽  
Salmon Lice

The developmental rate, distribution on the host, and pathogenicity (skin damage) of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) were tested on artificially infected sea trout (Salmo trutta) post smolts. Male lice developed faster than females, taking approximately 29 and 38 days, respectively, to reach the adult stage at 10°C. During this time, infection intensity decreased. Less than 40% of the lice reached the adult stage, and their distribution changed from overdispersed towards a more random pattern. The chalimus larvae of the lice exhibited a preference for the gills and fins, especially the dorsal fin, and caused only minor skin damage. When the preadult and adult stages appeared, skin damage became severe, especially on the preferred head and dorsal areas, causing mortality of the most heavily infected fish.

Temperature thresholds and statistical modelling of larval Wuchereria bancrofti (Filariidea: Onchocercidae) developmental rates

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. LARDEUX ◽  
J. CHEFFORT
Keyword(s):  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
A Value ◽  
Temperature Thresholds ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Aedes Polynesiensis

Developmental rates for Wuchereria bancrofti larvae maturing in the vector Aedes polynesiensis were estimated by analysing stage-frequency data consisting of counts of larval stages in mosquitoes reared at 20, 22·5, 25, 27·5, 30 and 32 °C. Base temperatures (i.e. low temperature thresholds) for W. bancrofti development were estimated by the x-intercept method and the model of Lactin et al. (1995). Resulting values were similar with both methods and were ≈12·5 °C for microfilariae (mf) in thorax, ≈17 °C for L1, 15·5 °C for L2 and 16·5 °C for L3. Upper thresholds estimated by the Lactin et al. model were 29·3 °C for mf, 29·1 °C for L1, 32·2 °C for L2 and 31·5 °C for L3. In addition, an original method was devised for computing the L3 upper threshold, by modelling L3 length shrinkage with temperature. It gave a value of 31·4 °C. At 32 °C, L2 and L3 stages exhibited altered morphology, larvae being shorter and wider than expected. The model of Lactin et al. described adequately the non-linear relationship between developmental rate and temperature, but a linear degree-day approach may be applied for temperatures below 27–28 °C.

scholarly journals Estimate of Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development with nonlinear models

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Medeiros ◽  
F. S. Ramalho ◽  
J. C. Zanuncio ◽  
J. E. Serrão
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Nonlinear Model ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Alabama Argillacea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The objective of this work was to evaluate which nonlinear model [Davidson (1942, 1944), Stinner et al. (1974), Sharpe & DeMichele (1977), and Lactin et al. (1995)] best describes the relationship between developmental rates of the different instars and stages of Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and temperature. A. argillacea larvae were fed with cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum L., race latifolium Hutch., cultivar CNPA 7H) at constant temperatures of 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 33, and 35ºC; relative humidity of 60 ± 10%; and photoperiod of 14:10 L:D. Low R² values obtained with Davidson (0.0001 to 0.1179) and Stinner et al. (0.0099 to 0.8296) models indicated a poor fit of their data for A. argillacea. However, high R² values of Sharpe & DeMichele (0.9677 to 0.9997) and Lactin et al. (0.9684 to 0.9997) models indicated a better fit for estimating A. argillacea development.

scholarly journals Integrating Life Stages into Ecological Niche Models: A Case Study on Tiger Beetles

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e70038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Taboada ◽  
Henrik von Wehrden ◽  
Thorsten Assmann
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Ecological Niche Models ◽  
Tiger Beetles ◽  
Niche Models

scholarly journals Navigating infection risk during oviposition and larval foraging in a holometabolous insect

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon A. Siva-Jothy ◽  
Katy M. Monteith ◽  
Pedro F. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Complete Metamorphosis ◽  
Oviposition Sites

AbstractDeciding where to eat and raise offspring carries important fitness consequences for all animals, especially if foraging, feeding and reproduction increase the risk of exposure to pathogens. In insects with complete metamorphosis, foraging occurs mainly during the larval stage, while oviposition decisions are taken by adult-stage females. Selection for infection avoidance behaviours may therefore be developmentally uncoupled. Using a combination of experimental infections and behavioural choice assays, here we tested if Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies avoid potentially infectious environments at distinct developmental stages. When given conspecific fly carcasses as a food source, larval-stage flies did not discriminate between carcasses that were clean or infected with the pathogenic Drosophila C Virus (DCV), even though scavenging was a viable route of DCV transmission. Adult females however, discriminated between different oviposition sites, laying more eggs near a clean rather than an infectious carcass if they were healthy; DCV-infected females did not discriminate between the two environments. While potentially risky, laying eggs near potentially infectious carcasses was always preferred to sites containing only fly medium. Our findings suggest that infection avoidance can play an important role in how mothers provision their offspring, and underline the need to consider infection avoidance behaviours at multiple life-stages.

scholarly journals 43IMPROVED IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF PORCINE NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS WITH 6-DMAP FOLLOWING FUSION

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
G.-S. IM ◽  
L. Lai ◽  
Z. Liu ◽  
Y. Hao ◽  
C.M. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Electric Pulse ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Electric Pulses ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Vitro Development

Although nuclear transfer (NT) has successfully produced cloned piglets, the development to blastocyst and to term is still low. Activation of the NT embryos is one of the key factors to improve the developmental ability of porcine NT embryos. Electric pulses as well as chemicals have been used to activate porcine NT embryos. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of continued activation following fusion pulses on in vitro development of porcine NT Embryos. Oocytes derived from a local abattoir were matured for 42 to 44h and enucleated. Ear skin cells were obtained from a 4-day-old transgenic pig transduced with eGFP recombinant retrovirus. Enucleated oocytes were reconstructed and cultured in PZM-3 in a gas atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Cleavage and blastocyst developmental rates were assessed under a stereomicroscope on Day 3 or 6. Blastocysts were stained with 5μg of Hoechst 33342 and total cell number was determined with an epifluorescent microscope. In Experiment 1, oocytes were activated with two 1.2kV/cm for 30μs (E) in 0.3M mannitol supplemented with either 0.1 or 1.0mM Ca2+. In each treatment, activated oocytes were divided into three groups. The first group was control (E). Other two groups were exposed to either ionomycin and 6-DMAP (E+I+D) or 6-DMAP (E+D) immediately after the electric pulses. In Experiment 2, fusion was conducted by using 1.0mM Ca2+ in the fusion medium. Fused NT embryos were divided into three treatments. NT embryos were fused and activated simultaneously with electric pulse as a control (C); the second group was treated with 6-DMAP immediately after fusion treatment (D0); and the third group was treated with 6-DMAP at 20min (D20) after fusion. In experiment 1, for 0.1mM Ca2+, developmental rates to the blastocyst stage for E, E+I+D or E+D were 12.5, 26.7 and 22.5%, respectively. For 1.0mM Ca2+, developmental rates to the blastocyst stage were 11.4, 28.3 and 35.6%, respectively. The activated oocytes treated with 6-DMAP following the electric pulses by using 1.0mM Ca2+ in fusion medium had higher (P<0.05) developmental rates to the blastocyst stage. In Experiment 2, developmental rates to the blastocyst stage for C, D0 or D20 were 10.0, 12.3, and 19.9%, respectively. Developmental rate to the blastocyst stage was higher (P<0.05) in D20. Fragmentation rates were 19.9, 10.8, and 9.0%, respectively. Regardless of Ca2+ concentration in fusion medium, continued treatments with chemicals following electric pulses supported more development of porcine activated oocytes. Treating NT embryos with 6-DMAP alone after fusion was completed by using 1.0mM Ca2+ in fusion medium improved the developmental rates to the blastocyst stage and prevented fragmentation accompanied by electric fusion. This study was supported by NIH NCRR 13438 and Food for the 21st Century.

scholarly journals Persistence of an extracellular systemic infection across metamorphosis in a holometabolous insect

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170771 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Duneau ◽  
Brian P. Lazzaro
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
Complete Metamorphosis

Organisms with complex life cycles can differ markedly in their biology across developmental life stages. Consequently, distinct life stages can represent drastically different environments for parasites. This difference is especially striking with holometabolous insects, which have dramatically different larval and adult life stages, bridged by a complete metamorphosis. There is no a priori guarantee that a parasite infecting the larval stage would be able to persist into the adult stage. In fact, to our knowledge, transstadial transmission of extracellular pathogens has never been documented in a host that undergoes complete metamorphosis. We tested the hypothesis that a bacterial parasite originally sampled from an adult host could infect a larva, then survive through metamorphosis and persist into the adult stage. As a model, we infected the host Drosophila melanogaster with a horizontally transmitted, extracellular bacterial pathogen, Providencia rettgeri . We found that this natural pathogen survived systemic infection of larvae (L3) and successfully persisted into the adult host. We then discuss how it may be adaptive for bacteria to transverse life stages and even minimize virulence at the larval stage in order to benefit from adult dispersal.

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