Multiple Genetic Mutations Related to Insecticide Resistance are Detected in Field Kazakhstani House Flies (Muscidae: Diptera)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruina Qu ◽  
Jiang Zhu ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Roman Jashenko ◽  
Xinghui Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Fly Control

Abstract The house fly (Musca domestica Linnaeus) is an important disease vector. Insecticide resistance is an obstacle to effective house fly control. Previous studies have demonstrated that point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (Ace), carboxylesterase (MdαE7) and voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc), and over-expression of CYP6D1v1 confer insecticide resistance in the house fly. However, information about the status and underlying mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Kazakhstani house flies is lacking. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of genetic mutations associated with insecticide resistance in field house flies collected at six different locations in southern Kazakhstan. Four mutations (V260L, G342A/V, and F407Y) in Ace and three mutations (G137D and W251L/S) in MdαE7 were detected with appreciable frequencies. Notably, haplotypes carrying triple-loci mutations in Ace and double mutations in MdαE7 were found in Kazakhstan. The L1014H and L1014F mutations in Vssc, and CYP6D1v1 resistance allele were detected at a low frequency in some of the six investigated house fly populations. Phylogenetic analyses of haplotypes supported multiple origins of resistance mutations in Ace and MdαE7. These observations suggest that house flies in southern Kazakhstan may exhibit significant resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance is recommended to achieve effective house fly control by chemical agents in southern Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Evolution of Adaptive Variation in the Mosquito Culex pipiens: Multiple Independent Origins of Insecticide Resistance Mutations

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Valentina Mastrantonio ◽  
Daniele Porretta ◽  
Valentina Lucchesi ◽  
Nurper Güz ◽  
Naciye Sena Çağatay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Chitin Synthase ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Target Site Resistance ◽  
First Time

Insecticide resistance is an informative model for studying the appearance of adaptive traits. Simultaneously, understanding how many times resistance mutations originate is essential to design effective resistance management. In the mosquito Culex pipiens, target–site resistance to the insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) has been recently found in Italian and Turkish populations. Three point mutations confer it at the codon 1043 of the chitin synthase 1 gene (chs-1): I1043L, I1043M, and I1043F. Whether the resistant mutations originated independently from different susceptible alleles or sequentially from resistant alleles and whether resistant alleles from Italy and Turkey have originated once or multiple times remain unresolved. Here, we sequenced a fragment of the chs-1 gene carrying the resistant mutations and inferred the phylogenetic relationships among susceptible and resistant alleles. Confirming previous findings, we found the three mutations in Italy and the I1043M in Turkey. Notably, the I1043F was also found for the first time in Turkish samples, highlighting the need for extensive monitoring activities. Phylogenetic analyses are consistent with an independent origin of the I1043F, I1043M, and I1043L mutations from different susceptible alleles and with multiple independent origins of the Italian and Turkish I1043M and I1043F alleles.

Selection, Reversion, and Characterization of House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Behavioral Resistance to the Insecticide Imidacloprid

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1843-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb B Hubbard ◽  
Alec C Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Behavioral Observation ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
House Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioral Resistance ◽  
Fly Control

Abstract Insecticide resistance in pest populations is an increasing problem in both urban and rural settings caused by over-application of insecticides and lack of rotation among chemical classes. The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a cosmopolitan fly species implicated in the transmission of numerous pathogens, and which can be extremely pestiferous when present in high numbers. The evolution of insecticide resistance has long been documented in house flies, with resistance reported to all major insecticide classes. House fly resistance to imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticide available for fly control, has been selected for in field populations through both physiological and behavioral resistance mechanisms. In the current study, house flies collected from a southern California dairy were selectively bred for behavioral resistance to imidacloprid, without increasing the physiological resistance profile of the selected flies. Flies were also successfully selected for behavioral susceptibility to imidacloprid. The rapid selection for either behavioral resistance or behavioral susceptibility suggests that inheritable alleles conferring behavioral resistance were already present in the wild-type fly population collected from the dairy site. The methods used for the specific selection of behavioral resistance (or susceptibility) in the fly population will be useful for further studies on the specific mechanisms conferring this resistance. House fly behavioral resistance was further investigated using behavioral observation and feeding preference assays, with resistance determined to be both contact-dependent and specific to the insecticide (imidacloprid) rather than to a non-insecticidal component of a bait matrix as previously documented.

Behavioral Inhibition of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Equine Fly Repellents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth V Tuorinsky ◽  
Erika T Machtinger
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Control Method ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Horse Owners ◽  
Better Than

Abstract House flies can have negative consequences on the welfare of horses and other equids. Fly repellents in the form of on-animal sprays, wipes, or spot-ons are the most commonly used fly control method for horses. Many products are available, but repellent efficacy and duration of effectiveness may influence repellent choice by horse owners. A better understanding of the efficacy of common fly repellent products will help guide repellent selection to reduce fly pressure on horses. To evaluate commercially available repellents, house fly behavioral inhibition after application of three products marketed as natural (Ecovet, Equiderma, and Outsmart) and four with synthetic pyrethroids as active ingredients (Bronco, Endure, UltraShield, and Optiforce) was compared at 100, 50, and 25% concentration and at 15, 30, 60, 240, 1,440, and 2,880 min. Time and product were significant at all tested concentrations. The natural products performed as well as or better than the synthetic products at all dilutions and times. Ecovet in particular retained over 75% inhibition of flies for >1 d at the 100 and 50% concentrations. Differences were seen among products with pyrethroids, suggesting that formulation differences significantly affect efficacy. Cost and application suggestions are discussed, and these results will aid horse owners in selecting fly repellents to meet their individual needs.

House Fly Control and Insecticide Resistance with Continued Use of Diazinon, Ronnel, and Dimethoate1

1967 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elton J. Hansens ◽  
Herman J. Benezet ◽  
Edward S. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Fly Control

A Study of the Environmental Factors Affecting the Dispersion of House Flies (Musca domestica L.) in a Dairy Community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 270-272
Author(s):  
William Hanec
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Control

House fly control as practiced at present requires a combination of thorough sanitation supplemented with the use of insecticides. Farms vary considerably in the standard of sanitation maintained. The question arises whether a farmer who conscientiously applies house fly control measures on his premises will find his efforts frustrated by invasions of house flies breeding on less sanitary farm-steads in the neighborhood. To answer this question it is necessary to understand the factors that affect house fly dispersal. These include wind direction, intensity of mind-borne odors and possibly variation in the tendency of flies to migrate. Some of these questions were answered in investigations during the summer of 3951, by releasing and recovering radioactive house flies in a dairy community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Monitoring Methods for Musca domestica L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) Indoor Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Mihaela Kavran ◽  
Dušan Petrić ◽  
Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina ◽  
Marija Zgomba
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Visual Method ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Animal Farms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Fly Control

Summary The housefly Musca domestica is a cosmopolitan insect nuisance pest, also known as a carrier of numerous pathogens both to humans and animals. Animal farms, as a very important source of house flies, simultaneously allow for all stages of their development. Having vast quantities of constantly present manure, pig units represent perfect environment for house fly breeding. This fact, coupled with the known resistance to majority of available insecticides, creates difficulties in house fly control. The present study was performed to evaluate different types of monitoring methods for indoor use: (a) spot deposit records on the cardboard; (b) fly trappings by: glue coated cardboard; (c) sticky fly strips; (d) yellow sticky cards; (e) visual records of flies on the cardboard. This study provided a clear differentiation of efficacy/usefulness of the tested methods for various house fly densities. In animal breeding units or other areas with very abundant fly population, less sensitive methods (traps are less efficient) should be selected. For these circumstances, glued cardboard or yellow sticky cards should be chosen. The “more sensitive” methods, spot cards and sticky fly strips, should be used for lower abundance of the fly population. Except for this purpose, these highly sensitive methods should be selected also in the areas where the flies should not be tolerated at any density. Although the levels of the observed fly activity significantly differ from each other, in the majority of cases they depict the similar trend of the population dynamics and relative density. The only exception to the rule was the visual method, which could not reflect the changes in the population density in the current study.

A METHOD RECOMMENDED FOR EVALUATING RESIDUAL PESTICIDES FOR HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) CONTROL

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (12) ◽  
pp. 1241-1246
Author(s):  
Surat S. Batth
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Blotting Paper ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Fly Control

AbstractA procedure is described for evaluating commercial residual pesticides commonly used for house fly control. Blotting paper panels were treated with candidate products and aged up to 5 weeks. During aging, these panels were tested thrice at 1, 3, and 5 weeks after their treatment for efficacy based on mortality of female house flies exposed to them for 24 h in a cage. A product is reported satisfactory if the average percentage kill obtained is not less than 80, 60, and 50 at 1, 3, and 5 weeks aging respectively or within 5 percentage points less than these limits. A product meeting first and third week mortality limits is also considered acceptable.

scholarly journals Detection and Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance Mutations in Anopheles gambiae: Individual vs Pooled Specimens

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Mavridis ◽  
Nadja Wipf ◽  
Pie Müller ◽  
Mohamed M. Traoré ◽  
Gunter Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Polynomial Regression Models

Bioassays and molecular diagnostics are routinely used for the monitoring of malaria vector populations to support insecticide resistance management (IRM), guiding operational decisions on which insecticides ought to be used for effective vector control. Previously developed TaqMan assays were optimised to distinguish the wild-type L1014 from the knockdown resistance (kdr) point mutations 1014F and 1014S (triplex reaction), and the N1575 wild-type from the point mutation 1575Y (duplex reaction). Subsequently, artificial pools of Anopheles gambiae (An. gambiae) specimens with known genotypes of L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y were created, nucleic acids were extracted, and kdr mutations were detected. These data were then used to define a linear regression model that predicts the allelic frequency within a pool of mosquitoes as a function of the measured ΔCt values (Ct mutant − Ct wild type probe). Polynomial regression models showed r2 values of >0.99 (p < 0.05). The method was validated with populations of variable allelic frequencies, and found to be precise (1.66–2.99%), accurate (3.3–5.9%), and able to detect a single heterozygous mosquito mixed with 9 wild type individuals in a pool of 10. Its pilot application in field-caught samples showed minimal differences from individual genotyping (0.36–4.0%). It allowed the first detection of the super-kdr mutation N1575Y in An. gambiae from Mali. Using pools instead of individuals allows for more efficient resistance allele screening, facilitating IRM.

scholarly journals Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elad Chiel ◽  
Christopher J. Geden
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Fly Control

House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document