scholarly journals Differences in seed properties and germination between native and introduced populations of Triadica sebifera

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialiang Zhang ◽  
Evan Siemann ◽  
Baoliang Tian ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Triadica Sebifera ◽  
Introduced Range

Abstract Aims Seeds of many invasive plants germinate more quickly than those of native species, likely facilitating invasion success. Assessing the germination traits and seed properties simultaneously for introduced and native populations of an invasive plant is essential to understanding biological invasions. Here, we used Triadica sebifera as a study organism to examine intraspecific differences in seed germination together with seed characteristics. Methods We measured physical (volume, mass, coat hardness and coat thickness of seeds) and chemical (crude fat, soluble protein, sugar, gibberellins [GA] and abscisic acid [ABA] of kernels) properties of T. sebifera seeds collected in 2017 from 12 introduced (United States) populations and 12 native (China) populations and tested their germination rates and timing in a greenhouse experiment in China. Furthermore, we conducted an extra experiment in the United States using seeds collected in 2016 and 2017 to compare the effects of study sites (China vs. United States) and seed collection time (2016 vs. 2017) on seed germination. Important Findings Seeds from the introduced range germinated faster than those from the native range. Physical and chemical measurements showed that seeds from the introduced range were larger, had higher GA concentrations and GA:ABA ratio, but lower crude fat concentrations compared to those from the native range. There were no significant differences in seed mass, coat hardness and coat thickness or kernel ABA, soluble protein or sugar concentrations between seeds from introduced vs. native ranges. Germination rates were correlated between United States and China greenhouses but germination rates for populations varied between collection years. Our results suggest that larger seeds and higher GA likely contribute to faster germination, potentially facilitating T. sebifera invasion in the introduced range.

Ethylene: A Witchweed Seed Germination Stimulant

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Eplee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Striga Asiatica ◽  
Heavy Clay

Ethylene gas (C2H4) was found to stimulate the germination of witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) O. Kuntze] seeds. Ethylene diffuses greater than 120 cm horizontally from point of injection and more than 90 cm below the soil surface. Rates of 0.42 kg/ha induced germination of witchweed seeds in sandy soil; but 1.1 kg/ha is required on a heavy clay soil. Witchweed seeds respond to ethylene after a period of preconditioning that is necessary to break dormancy. Under field conditions in the Carolinas, maximum response of seeds to ethylene occurs between late April and late July. Field studies indicate a 90% reduction in viable witchweed seeds occurs where a single treatment with ethylene has been applied. The use of ethylene appears now to be a major contributor toward the eventual eradication of witchweed from the United States.

scholarly journals Aspergillus tubingensis Is a Pre-Emergent Pathogen of Date Palm Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1327
Author(s):  
Maryam Alomran ◽  
Jos Houbraken ◽  
George Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Aspergillus Tubingensis ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Southwestern Usa ◽  
Emergent Pathogen ◽  
Positive Effect

Many diseases of date palm are known. However, pathogens that might affect seed germination and seedling emergence from soil are poorly studied, perhaps because date palm cultivars are propagated vegetatively. Here, we first determined the effects of date seed fungi on the germination and emergence of 600 seeds overall (i.e., 200 of each of three cultivars: ‘Thoory’, ‘Halawi’, and ‘Barhi’). In each cultivar, 100 seeds were from Saudi Arabia (part of the native range), and 100 were from the southwestern USA (where the date palm was introduced around 1765). Just four fungal genera (i.e., Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, and Penicillium) were isolated from the surface-sterilized date seeds. Aspergillus isolates all belonged to Aspergillus sect. Nigri; collectively they were in the highest relative abundance at 39%, and significantly more common in Saudi Arabian seeds than in American seeds. Aspergillus reduced seed germination and also reduced emergence when germinated and non-germinated seeds were planted in potting mix in a greenhouse. In contrast, Penicillium species were more common in American than in Saudi seeds; Penicillium did not affect germination, although it did have a positive effect on seedling emergence. In a second experiment with 17 seeds of the ‘Halawi’ cultivar, fungus-free seeds were either inoculated with isolates of Aspergillus sect. Nigri or not, and then planted. Controls emerged whereas Aspergillus-inoculated seeds did not. Finally, a third experiment was conducted with Aspergillus tubingensis Mosseray, a sect. Nigri member, as sole inoculum of 100 ‘Halawi’ seeds versus 100 uninoculated controls. Aspergillus tubingensis exerted the same pathogenic effects on germinating and emerging seedlings as the isolates identified only to Aspergillus sect. Nigri. Aspergillus tubingensis is thus a previously unreported, seedborne pathogen affecting date palm seedlings. Our findings also suggest that A. tubingensis may be more common in seeds in the host’s native range than in its introduced range.

scholarly journals Growth and Stem Profiles of Invasive Triadica sebifera in the Mississippi Coast of the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Tian ◽  
Zhaofei Fan ◽  
Thomas G. Matney ◽  
Emily B. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Triadica Sebifera

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Invasion Severity of Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) and Invasibility of Forest Types in Southern US Forestlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Nepal ◽  
W Keith Moser ◽  
Zhaofei Fan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
The United States ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Triadica Sebifera ◽  
Chinese Tallow ◽  
Severity Class

Abstract Quantifying invasion severity of nonnative invasive plant species is vital for the development of appropriate mitigation and control measures. We examined more than 23,250 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots from the southern coastal states of the United States to develop an alternative method to classify and map the invasion severity of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera). Remeasured FIA plot-level data were used to examine the spatiotemporal changes in the presence probability and cover percentage of tallow. Four invasion severity classes were identified by using the product of presence probability and cover percentage. Chinese tallow invasion severity increased over time with 90 and 123 counties being classified into the highest severity class for the first and second measurement, respectively. Further, the invasibility of major forest-type groups by severity class was examined using the product of the county-level mean presence probability and mean cover percentage of Chinese tallow as a proxy of invasibility. Longleaf/slash pine (Pinus palustris/P. elliottii) forests were highly resilient to the Chinese tallow invasion. In contrast, elm/ash/cottonwood (Ulmus spp./Fraxinus spp./Populus deltoides) and oak/gum/cypress (Quercus spp./Nyssa spp./Taxodium spp.) forest-type groups were vulnerable to invasion. Study Implications: In the southern United States forestland, differences in invasion severity and vulnerability of forest types to Chinese tallow invasion have been observed across time and space. Our findings provide insight into spatial variations in the severity of Chinese tallow invasion and the relative susceptibility of different forest-type groups in the region to inform monitoring and management of this invasive species. High invasion severity occurs in the lower Gulf of Mexico coastal region of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi and the Atlantic coastal region of South Carolina and Georgia, with the longleaf/slash pine and oak/gum/cypress forest-type groups being most susceptible to Chinese tallow invasion. Based on these results, we recommend that management efforts be tailored to the different invasion severity classes. Forests in the high-severity class need a management program coordinated across different agencies and landowners to curb the increase of tallow populations to prevent stand replacing risks. The monitoring of Chinese tallow spread should focus on longleaf/slash pine, loblolly/shortleaf pine, and oak/gum/cypress groups, because the spread rate was higher in these forest-type groups. A better use of scarce resources could be to treat lands in the moderate- and low-severity classes to reduce the propagule pressure levels and post-invasion spread. For those counties with a minimal-severity condition, early detection and eradiction measures should be taken in a timely maner to prevent tallow from invading noninvaded neighboring counties. Managers may be able to treat a larger area of these lands for a given investment compared with lands already severely invaded.

scholarly journals Using Genomics to Link Populations of an Invasive Species to Its Potential Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlee A. Resh ◽  
Matthew P. Galaska ◽  
Kasey C. Benesh ◽  
Jonathan P. A. Gardner ◽  
Kai-Jian Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Native Range ◽  
The Yangtze River Basin ◽  
The U.S

The introduction and subsequent range expansion of the Northern snakehead (Channa argus: Channidae, Anabantiformes) is one of a growing number of problematic biological invasions in the United States. This harmful aquatic invasive species is a predatory freshwater fish native to northeastern Asia that, following deliberate introduction, has established itself in multiple water basins in the eastern United States, as well as expanding its range into the Midwest. Previous work assessed the population structure and estimated the long-term effective population sizes of the populations present in the United States, but the source of the initial introduction(s) to the U.S. remains unidentified. Building on earlier work, we used whole genome scans (2b-RAD genomic sequencing) to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from C. argus to screen the genomes of these invasive fish from United States waters and from three sites in their native range in China. We recovered 2,822 SNP loci from genomic DNA extracted from 164 fish sampled from the eastern United States and Arkansas (Mississippi River basin), plus 30 fish sampled from three regions of the Yangtze River basin in China (n = 10 individuals per basin). Our results provide evidence supporting the Yangtze River basin in China, specifically the Bohu and/or Liangzi lakes, is a likely source of the C. argus introductions in multiple regions of the U.S., including the Lower Hudson River basin, Upper Hudson River basin and Philadelphia (Lower Delaware River basin). This information, in conjunction with additional sampling from the native range, will help to determine the source(s) of introduction for the other U.S. populations. Additionally, this work will provide valuable information for management to help prevent and manage future introductions into United States waterways, as well as aid in the development of more targeted strategies to regulate established populations and inhibit further spread.

scholarly journals Impacts of Invasive Species in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Albert E. Mayfield ◽  
Steven J. Seybold ◽  
Wendell R. Haag ◽  
M. Tracy Johnson ◽  
Becky K. Kerns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
National Significance

AbstractThe introduction, establishment, and spread of invasive species in terrestrial and aquatic environments is widely recognized as one of the most serious threats to the health, sustainability, and productivity of native ecosystems (Holmes et al. 2009; Mack et al. 2000; Pyšek et al. 2012; USDA Forest Service 2013). In the United States, invasive species are the second leading cause of native species endangerment and extinction, and their costs to society have been estimated at $120 billion annually (Crowl et al. 2008; Pimentel et al. 2000, 2005). These costs include lost production and revenue from agricultural and forest products, compromised use of waterways and terrestrial habitats, harm to human and animal health, reduced property values and recreational opportunities, and diverse costs associated with managing (e.g., monitoring, preventing, controlling, and regulating) invasive species (Aukema et al. 2011; Pimentel et al. 2005). The national significance of these economic, ecological, and social impacts in the United States has prompted various actions by both legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government (e.g., the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990; the Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act of 2002; Executive Order 13112 of 1999, amended in 2016).

scholarly journals Eastern Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Originating From Native Range Varies in Their Response to Inoculation With Geosmithia morbida

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael A. Sitz ◽  
Emily K. Luna ◽  
Jorge Ibarra Caballero ◽  
Ned A. Tisserat ◽  
Whitney S. Cranshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is caused by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) vectoring the fungal canker pathogen Geosmithia morbida, which can result in severe dieback and eventual death to species of walnut (Juglans spp.) and wingnut (Pterocarya spp.). This disease is most devastating to the highly valued species J. nigra (black walnut). This species is primarily grown and harvested for timber production in the Central Hardwood Region of the United States, which comprises part of its native range. Management options for TCD are limited; therefore, finding resistant genotypes is needed. Initial studies on black walnut susceptibility to G. morbida documented some genetic variation and suggested potential resistance. Furthermore, G. morbida is thought to be native to the United States, which may have allowed for co-evolution. To capture the representative genetic diversity and screen for resistance to G. morbida, J. nigra families were collected from across the native range. These wild trees, in conjunction with seedlings developed in a black walnut timber improvement program, were planted in a common garden in Fort Collins, Colorado and repeatedly inoculated with G. morbida over the course of four years and three growing seasons. Improved seedlings exhibited larger cankered areas than wild J. nigra of the same provenance. Cankers induced by G. morbida in wild germplasm were smaller on J. nigra collected from the western and central portions of the native range compared to those collected from the eastern portion. Although trees from the western and central part of the range still incurred cankers, our findings indicate that variation in genetic resistance to G. morbida is present in black walnut. This study was performed with G. morbida independent of the walnut twig beetle, but our results suggest the limited G. morbida resistance observed in J. nigra will prevent the full compromise of black walnut to TCD. Results from this study should be taken into consideration in future black walnut breeding programs.

scholarly journals 259 Screening of Lespedeza germplasm for forage quality and bioactivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
Thomas H Terrill ◽  
Breyanna Morning ◽  
Erica Courson ◽  
Bradley Morris ◽  
Harley Naumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lespedeza Cuneata ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Interest in the condensed tannin-containing legume sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) as a nutraceutical (bioactive) forage for livestock has been increasing in the United States but other Lespedeza species have not been adequately evaluated. A study was completed to determine the nutritional and bioactivity potential of Lespedeza species obtained from the USDA Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA. Accessions from 15 Lespedeza species were planted in small plots at Fort Valley State University in Fort Valley, GA. After establishment, forage was harvested, freeze-dried, ground and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), total phenolics (TP), and protein precipitable phenolics (PPP). Species differences were significant (P < 0.01) for all parameters measured. Lespedeza cuneata accessions, including “AUGrazer,” the cultivar most commonly used as an anti-parasitic crop in the United States had NDF, ADF, and IVTD values of 35.7±0.4%, 26.8±0.4%, and 74.3±1.2%, while L. virginica, a native species, had 34.9±3.0%, 26.0±2.5%, and 74.9±4.2%, respectively. The L. cuneata accessions averaged 179.6±4.3 and 133.6±3.5 mg/g of forage material for TP and PPP, while L. virginica averaged 564.2±24.6 and 306.5±19.9 mg/g, respectively. Other species varied from 30.5±3.0 to 47.4±4.2% NDF, 22.9±1.6 to 36.4±3.6% ADF, 55.2±5.9 to 81.6±3.4% IVTD, and 107.7±17.4 to 283.5±34.7 and 55.2±14.0 to 139.4±28.1 mg/g of forage for TP and PPP, respectively. Based upon these results, Lespedeza species tested in this study, particularly L. virginica, have potential as nutraceutical forages for livestock production systems. As L. cuneata accessions established and grew much better than other Lespedeza species in this study, agronomic testing of this germplasm collection in other environments is warranted. In addition, determining potential anti-parasitic properties of these species using in vitro and in vivo testing would be beneficial.

Is Chinese Tallowtree, Triadica sebifera, an Appropriate Target for Biological Control in the United States?

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Wheeler ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Triadica Sebifera ◽  
Regulatory Review

AbstractBiological control is one of the most common approaches used to manage invasive weeds of wetlands and other natural areas. Before candidate agents can be released, research is conducted to support biological control, which can be protracted and expensive, leading to a scientific and potentially lengthy regulatory review. To increase biological control safety, efficacy, and transparency, we suggest that during the early phases of a weed project, the feasibility of the invasive plant as a target should be studied explicitly. Our purpose here is to summarize information of an important invasive weed that can serve to judge whether the project is appropriate. Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera, is one of the worst invasive species invading coastal wetlands and other riparian areas of the southeastern United States. Current management practices have not controlled the spread of this weed into these sensitive habitats. Initial surveys in the plant's native Chinese range for potential biological control agents have recovered several herbivore species that could be developed. These potential agents include defoliators, root and foliage feeders, and gall formers, whose biology, apparent host specificity, and impacts on plant fitness suggest that biological control offers great promise against Chinese tallowtree. When conducted during the initial phase of a project, this type of feasibility study can address potential conflicts of interest and risks, ultimately producing projects that are more effective and safer for biological control.

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