BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN4 regulates chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast development, and cell wall metabolism in tomato fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5549-5561
Author(s):  
Fang Yan ◽  
Yushuo Gao ◽  
Xiaoqin Pang ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Ning Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Magnesium Chelatase ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model plant for studying fruit development and ripening. In this study, we found that down-regulation of a tomato bell-like homeodomain 4 (SlBL4) resulted in a slightly darker-green fruit phenotype and increased accumulation of starch, fructose, and glucose. Analysis of chlorophyll content and TEM observations was consistent with these phenotypes, indicating that SlBL4 was involved in chlorophyll accumulation and chloroplast formation. Ripened fruit of SlBL4-RNAi plants had noticeably decreased firmness, larger intercellular spaces, and thinner cell walls than the wild-type. RNA-seq identified differentially expressed genes involved in chlorophyll metabolism, chloroplast development, cell wall metabolism, and carotenoid metabolism. ChIP-seq identified (G/A) GCCCA (A/T/C) and (C/A/T) (C/A/T) AAAAA (G/A/T) (G/A) motifs. SlBL4 directly inhibited the expression of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (SlPPO), magnesium chelatase H subunit (SlCHLD), pectinesterase (SlPE), protochlorophyllide reductase (SlPOR), chlorophyll a/b binding protein 3B (SlCAB-3B), and homeobox protein knotted 2 (TKN2). In contrast, it positively regulated the expression of squamosa promoter binding protein-like colorless non-ripening (LeSPL-CNR). Our results indicate that SlBL4 is involved in chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast development, cell wall metabolism, and the accumulation of carotenoids during tomato fruit ripening, and provide new insights for the transcriptional regulation mechanism of BELL-mediated fruit growth and ripening.

Expression profile of transcripts encoding cell wall remodelling proteins in tomato fruit cv. Micro-Tom subjected to 15°C storage

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela L. Müller ◽  
Claudio O. Budde ◽  
Martin A. Lauxmann ◽  
Agustina Triassi ◽  
Carlos S. Andreo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Transcript Profile ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Fruit Decay

To extend fruit market life, tomatoes are harvested before red ripe and kept at temperatures below optimum (20°C). In this work, Micro-Tom tomatoes stored at 20°C (normal ripening) were compared with those stored at 15°C or 4°C (chilling injury inducer) for 7 days. In contrast to 4°C, storage at 15°C delayed ripening with the benefit of not enhancing oxidative metabolism and of enabling ripening upon being transferred to 20°C. The transcriptional expression profile of enzymes related to cell wall metabolism was compared at the three temperatures. Although endo-β-1,4-glucanase (Cel1), which is associated with fruit decay, was largely increased after removal from 4°C storage, its expression was not modified in fruits stored at 15°C. Enhanced transcriptional expression of xyloglucan endotransgylcosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) XTH1, –2, –10 and –11, and of two β-xylosidases (Xyl1–2) was detected in fruits stored at 15°C with respect to those at 20°C. Following 2 days at 20°C, these transcripts remained higher in fruits stored at 15°C and XHT3 and –9 also increased. Ethylene evolution was similar in fruits kept at 15°C and 20°C; thus, the changes in the transcript profile and fruit properties between these treatments may be under the control of factors other than ethylene.

scholarly journals 45Ca mobility and distribution during ripening and maturation of Rutgers and RIN tomatoes

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
L. R. Howard ◽  
A. Uusi-Rauva ◽  
J. J. Laine
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Soluble Calcium ◽  
Low Levels

Radioisotope 45Ca was used to examine changes in levels of bound and soluble calcium during tomato fruit ripening, and the distribution of calcium in different regions of Rutgers and Rin (non-ripening) tomato tissue. Levels of cell wallmiddle lamella bound 45Ca decreased readily in pericarp tissue during ripening of Rutgers tomatoes with only as mall decrease being observed in RIN fruit. No significant increase in soluble 45Ca was observed for either genotype during ripening. Decreasing levels of bound and soluble 45Ca were observed from calyx to blossom end of pericarp tissue in Rutgers and RIN fruits. Low levels of bound 45Ca were found in the inner locular walls at an early stage of tomato ripening. The implication of low levels of cell wall bound calcium in relation to catabolic changes associated with ripening are discussed.

Cell wall metabolism in cold-stored tomato fruit

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adirek Rugkong ◽  
Jocelyn K.C. Rose ◽  
Sang Jik Lee ◽  
James J. Giovannoni ◽  
Malcolm A. O’Neill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism

scholarly journals A tomato LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES transcription factor, SlLOB1, predominantly regulates cell wall and softening components of ripening

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2102486118
Author(s):  
Yanna Shi ◽  
Julia Vrebalov ◽  
Hui Zheng ◽  
Yimin Xu ◽  
Xueren Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Lateral Organ ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
Late Maturation

Fruit softening is a key component of the irreversible ripening program, contributing to the palatability necessary for frugivore-mediated seed dispersal. The underlying textural changes are complex and result from cell wall remodeling and changes in both cell adhesion and turgor. While a number of transcription factors (TFs) that regulate ripening have been identified, these affect most canonical ripening-related physiological processes. Here, we show that a tomato fruit ripening–specific LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDRIES (LOB) TF, SlLOB1, up-regulates a suite of cell wall–associated genes during late maturation and ripening of locule and pericarp tissues. SlLOB1 repression in transgenic fruit impedes softening, while overexpression throughout the plant under the direction of the 35s promoter confers precocious induction of cell wall gene expression and premature softening. Transcript and protein levels of the wall-loosening protein EXPANSIN1 (EXP1) are strongly suppressed in SlLOB1 RNA interference lines, while EXP1 is induced in SlLOB1-overexpressing transgenic leaves and fruit. In contrast to the role of ethylene and previously characterized ripening TFs, which are comprehensive facilitators of ripening phenomena including softening, SlLOB1 participates in a regulatory subcircuit predominant to cell wall dynamics and softening.

scholarly journals Degradation of Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Tomato Fruit Ripening

1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Gross ◽  
Stephen J. Wallner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

scholarly journals 681 PB 195 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A cDNA THAT ENCODES 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRATASE IN TOMATO

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 530d-530
Author(s):  
Gary F. Polkinz ◽  
David J. Hannapel ◽  
Richard J. Gladon
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

Tomato fruit ripening is characterized by a decrease in chlorophyll content and an increase in lycopene synthesis. We are interested in the role of chlorophyll metabolism as it relates to tomato fruit ripening. 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) is the first committed enzyme in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, and it catalyzes the conversion of two 5-aminolevulinic acid molecules into porphobilinogen. We have isolated a full-length tomato ALAD cDNA clone from a tomato fruit library. Sequence analysis showed that this tomato ALAD was highly homologous to ALAD found in spinach and pea, and the analysis predicted a protein of 46.8 kDa. Southern analysis indicated that 1 to 3 copies of the ALAD gene are present in the tomato genome. Northern analysis suggested that the gene is expressed constitutively throughout tomato fruit development. Currently, we are subcloning the fragment into an E. coli expression vector in order to obtain protein for antibody production for Western analysis.

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