1 Functions, Definitions, and Types of Reinsurance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edelman Colin ◽  
Burns Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Risk ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Potential Losses ◽  
A Share ◽  
The Way

This chapter provides an overview of reinsurance. The broad purpose of reinsurance is for the direct insurer to be covered in respect of their liability under an original insurance policy, pursuant to which the original insured is entitled to recover from them. The functions of reinsurance, however, are not only protective—there are significant business advantages to be gained by an insurer that can obtain reinsurance. Primarily, reinsurance provides capacity to an insurer, thereby enabling the insurer to insure a volume, type, or size of risk that it would not be able to cover in the absence of reinsurance. In effect, the reinsurer enlarges the direct insurer’s underwriting capacity by accepting a share of the risks and by providing part of the necessary reserves for losses. Reinsurance also increases the capital available to the direct insurer which would otherwise be earmarked to cover potential losses. Reinsurance is essentially a contract under which an insurer agrees to pass a defined part of an insurance risk to a reinsurer. The distinction between the two main types of reinsurance is in the way that this part is defined—proportional or non-proportional.

scholarly journals KEDUDUKAN ANAK ANGKAT DALAM HUKUM WARIS ISLAM DAN HINDU

AL-HUKAMA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-304
Author(s):  
Zakiyatul Ulya
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Adopted Child ◽  
Biological Family ◽  
A Share ◽  
The Way

Both of Islam and Hindu have regulated in detail the issues of inheritance. If the two are compared, it can be seen that there is a difference in positioning adopted child, where in Hindu law is used as the cause of inheritance whereas in Islamic law it is not. Thus, it can be seen that the adopted child does not belong to the heirs in Islamic law, so the inheritance rights remain to his biological family, not his adopted family. However, they can get a share of the property of their adopted parents by the way of a testament not more than 1/3 of a part, even in this case, article 209 paragraph 2 of KHI states that against a adopted child who does not receive a will is given a maximum of 1/3 of the inheritance of his adopted parents. Unlike the Islamic law, Hindu law classifies adopted sons including in heirs whose inheritance rights are transferred to their adopted families and are equal to those of legitimated children who inherit in the first place with the possibility to obtain all parts if no children are equal.

Bundling Credit and Insurance

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Dean Karlan ◽  
Jacob Appel
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Research Setting ◽  
Partner Organization ◽  
Mandatory Health Insurance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This chapter assesses a study conducted with SKS Microfinance and insurer ICICI-Lombard where the researchers added a mandatory health insurance policy to SKS microloans to test the theory that bundling policies with other products creates a viable pool of clients for insurers. SKS's bundling of insurance with microloans proved so problematic that, at the end of the day, there were not enough insured clients for researchers to study the impact of getting insurance on health experience or financial performance. The obvious failure here is low participation after randomization. The deeper question is why low participation became an issue. This points to two contributing failures. First, there was a partner organization burden around learning new skills. The second contributing failure can be traced all the way back to the project's inception. Before the study began, SKS had never bundled insurance with its loans. In terms of research setting, they were dealing with an immature product.

XXVII Central Asian Studies

1914 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-963
Author(s):  
Sylvain Lévi
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Mahāyāna Buddhism ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
A Share ◽  
The Way

Central asia has come as a boon to all of us; it is a land of universal brotherhood. For centuries it has been the meeting-point of all races: Hindus, Persians, Turks, Tibetans, Buddhists, Jews, Christians, Manichaeans used to live there side by side in a happy spirit of harmony; and the same spirit of harmony now seems to inspire our Central Asian studies. Western and Eastern explorers — English, French, German, Russian, Japanese—entered into rivalry only in the most chivalrous mood. England can be proud of having led the way; the glory of the first and the most brilliant discoveries will for ever remain attached to the name of Sir Aurei Stein, a man of exceptional abilities, who has given proof of the highest gifts in the most different directions—as a philologist, as an archaeologist, as an explorer. I would compare him witli his patron saint, ablbīṁṭa-devatā, the Chinese pilgrim Hwan-tsang. Both traversed the same countries in their peregrinations; both had to endure the same hardships, had to prove the same energy; both brought home a treasure of notes, observations, and documents; both were cheered by the same hope of benefiting mankind, the Chinese monk with the word of Buddha, Stein with scientific and historical truth. Both proved equally right; catholicity belongs to science as well as to religion. No national pride interfered to raise difficulties in the working up of the mass of documents collected by Stein. Some of them have been entrusted to Thomsen, a Dane, the wonderful decipherer of the Orkhon Turkish runes; some to Von Le Coq, a German, himself another explorer of Central Asia; some to La Vallée Poussin, a Belgian, one of the authorities on Mahāyāna Buddhism. Pelliot, the French émule of Stein, who shared with him the treasures hoarded in the celebrated cave at Twan-hwang, was called upon for a catalogue of the Chinese MSS. Chavannes, the leading Sinologist of our day, had for his own part the task of publishing Chinese wooden tablets dating from the early centuries A.D. M. Senart and Father Boyer, both of high renown as decipherers of Kharoṣṭrī characters, were asked to accept a share as co-editors of the tablets traced in that sort of writing. Professor Gauthiot obtained the Sogdian fragments. I myself received the leaves written in the Tokharian language.

Austria and the Danubian Principalities, 1853–1856

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
A Share ◽  
The Way

One of the views most widely encountered in the literature on the Crimean War is that Austrian policy aimed at acquiring the Danubian Principalities in one form or another. Austria's purposes were not merely defensive, but expansionist. She wanted to replace the existing Russian protectorate by an exclusive protectorate of her own, to make herself the heir to the Ottoman Sultan's suzerain rights, and thereby pave the way to ultimate annexation. Or, if this proved impossible, she wanted at least to exercise an exclusive political influence in the Principalities, and to incorporate them permanently into her economic sphere and military system. The evidence for this view seems, on the surface, quite impressive. For Austria did force Russia to evacuate the Principalities by diplomatic ultimatum and military demonstration in the summer of 1854, and immediately moved in to occupy them herself. Her military commanders attempted to exclude the Turks from a share in the occupation, and failing this, tried to limit the Turkish role as much as possible. During the occupation, they interfered in matters of local administration and supported officials friendly to Austria against the wishes of the Turks and the local magnates. Austria also undertook the development of roads and a telegraph system, surveying, and other projects designed to aid her economic penetration of the territory. Her occupation was prolonged until 1857, and ended then only under heavy pressure from the Western Powers.

TOURISM PROMOTION IN NINETEENTHCENTURY WALES: IMAGE DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING ON THE CAMBRIAN COAST

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-590
Author(s):  
John Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Tourism Promotion ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
A Share ◽  
The Way

This article examines how small seaside towns in Meirionnydd and Caernarfonshire positioned themselves to benefit from increased tourism during the nineteenth century, and it shows how an image was developed for the region as a whole. Based on romantic scenery, this image evolved and was sensitive to growing emphasis on comfortable accommodation, changing attitudes to health, family and recreation and to local concerns for propriety and respectability. It illustrates how local and regional marketing was linked to the railway network and provides insight into the way in which a range of interests worked together to challenge larger resorts elsewhere for a share of the growing tourism market in the nineteenth century.

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Peculiarity Parameters

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
H. M. Maitzen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Rotator Model ◽  
Peculiar Behaviour ◽  
Field Spectrum ◽  
Oblique Rotator ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
The Way

Ap stars are peculiar in many aspects. During this century astronomers have been trying to collect data about these and have found a confusing variety of peculiar behaviour even from star to star that Struve stated in 1942 that at least we know that these phenomena are not supernatural. A real push to start deeper theoretical work on Ap stars was given by an additional observational evidence, namely the discovery of magnetic fields on these stars by Babcock (1947). This originated the concept that magnetic fields are the cause for spectroscopic and photometric peculiarities. Great leaps for the astronomical mankind were the Oblique Rotator model by Stibbs (1950) and Deutsch (1954), which by the way provided mathematical tools for the later handling pulsar geometries, anti the discovery of phase coincidence of the extrema of magnetic field, spectrum and photometric variations (e.g. Jarzebowski, 1960).

The mensuration of interfaces

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
W.M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Lattice Resolution ◽  
Analogue To Digital ◽  
The Way

I do not have access to the abstracts of the first meeting of EMSA but at this, the 50th Anniversary meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, I have an excuse to consider the historical origins of the approaches we take to the use of electron microscopy for the characterisation of materials. I have myself been actively involved in the use of TEM for the characterisation of heterogeneities for little more than half of that period. My own view is that it was between the 3rd International Meeting at London, and the 1956 Stockholm meeting, the first of the European series , that the foundations of the approaches we now take to the characterisation of a material using the TEM were laid down. (This was 10 years before I took dynamical theory to be etched in stone.) It was at the 1956 meeting that Menter showed lattice resolution images of sodium faujasite and Hirsch, Home and Whelan showed images of dislocations in the XlVth session on “metallography and other industrial applications”. I have always incidentally been delighted by the way the latter authors misinterpreted astonishingly clear thickness fringes in a beaten (”) foil of Al as being contrast due to “large strains”, an error which they corrected with admirable rapidity as the theory developed. At the London meeting the research described covered a broad range of approaches, including many that are only now being rediscovered as worth further effort: however such is the power of “the image” to persuade that the above two papers set trends which influence, perhaps too strongly, the approaches we take now. Menter was clear that the way the planes in his image tended to be curved was associated with the imaging conditions rather than with lattice strains, and yet it now seems to be common practice to assume that the dots in an “atomic resolution image” can faithfully represent the variations in atomic spacing at a localised defect. Even when the more reasonable approach is taken of matching the image details with a computed simulation for an assumed model, the non-uniqueness of the interpreted fit seems to be rather rarely appreciated. Hirsch et al., on the other hand, made a point of using their images to get numerical data on characteristics of the specimen they examined, such as its dislocation density, which would not be expected to be influenced by uncertainties in the contrast. Nonetheless the trends were set with microscope manufacturers producing higher and higher resolution microscopes, while the blind faith of the users in the image produced as being a near directly interpretable representation of reality seems to have increased rather than been generally questioned. But if we want to test structural models we need numbers and it is the analogue to digital conversion of the information in the image which is required.

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