Personality as Adaptation

2019 ◽  
pp. 219-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Capitanio ◽  
William A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Evolutionary Perspectives

This chapter examines personality in nonhuman primates where personality is seen as a dynamic, whole-organism phenomenon. Whereas in humans, the concept of personality is applied to persisting differences between individuals, in the world of animal biology, it is a concept that also describes species differences in adaptation to the environment, as well as population differences within the same species. The idea that personality reflects adaptation—at the species, population, and individual levels—is discussed from comparative/ecological, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. The evidence that personality reflects adaptation is then used to discuss the existence, and persistence, of personality disorders in humans. The authors conclude that a broader, comparative perspective on the phenomenon of personality can provide novel ideas about what personality is, how it develops, and the value that it provides for organisms.

The Indian University in a Comparative Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Madhava Menon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
University System ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

The purpose of looking at Indian universities in a comparative perspective is obviously to locate it among higher education institutions across the world and to identify its strengths and weaknesses in the advancement of learning and research. In doing so, one can discern the directions for reform in order to put the university system in a competitive advantage for an emerging knowledge society. This chapter looks at the current state of universities in India and highlights the initiatives under way for change and proposes required policy changes.

Autochthony and the Crisis of Citizenship: Democratization, Decentralization, and the Politics of Belonging

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Geschiere ◽  
Stephen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
Recurrent Theme

Abstract:The recent upsurge of “autochthony” and similar notions of belonging is certainly not special to Africa. All over the world, processes of intensifying globalization seem to go together with fierce struggles over belonging and exclusion of “strangers.” A central question in the contributions to this special issue concerns the apparent “naturalness” of autochthony in highly different settings. How can similar slogans seem so self-evident and hence have such mobilizing force under very different circumstances? Another recurrent theme is the somewhat surprising “nervousness” of discourses on autochthony. They seem to promise a basic security of being rooted in the soil as a primal form of belonging. Yet in practice, belonging turns out to be always relative: there is always the danger of being unmasked as “not really” belonging, or even of being a “fake” autochthon. A comparative perspective on autochthony—as a particular pregnant form of entrenchment—may help to unravel the paradoxes of the preoccupation with belonging in a globalizing world.

Personality disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 6520-6523
Author(s):  
Iain Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Consistent Response ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Over Time

People have characteristic ways of perceiving, thinking about, and responding to the world around them that are relatively stable over time and across situations; this is referred to as their personality. A diagnosis of personality disorder is made when the personality is extreme and maladaptive and causes difficulty or distress to the person themselves or to others. People with personality disorders are often encountered in medical settings, which may be because they have self-harmed, suffered problems from drug or alcohol use, or been injured because of unwise behaviour. Personality disorders also complicate the medical management of medical conditions, for example, by non-adherence to recommended treatment. The effective short-term management of personality disorders in medical settings requires: (a) recognition of the diagnosis; (b) creation of a management plan; and (c) consistent response to the problematic behaviours adhered to by all relevant staff.

Vision, subalternity, and religious imaginary in southern Italy

2020 ◽  
pp. 003776862096065
Author(s):  
Roberto Beneduce
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The World ◽  
Ways Of Life ◽  
Religious Imaginary

Vision and divine voice, however defined, are at the heart of religious experience. The meeting with the Other sustains new ways of life and grants deep transformations in subjectivity. After chronicling the difficulty, indeed outright impossibility, of circumscribing and defining these complex experiences, as well as the opacity of the dominant categories that have been adopted by sociology, anthropology, phenomenology, and psychiatry, this article explores three case histories from southern Italy. Each one reveals a particular knot where private (and traumatic) experience has incorporated historical horizons and collective anxieties. By adopting a historical and comparative perspective, the author investigates how visions, voices – and more generally the encounter with transcendence – enable subalterns to deal with suffering and marginality and, more importantly, to build a view of how the world is and works. Finally, the article suggests that these experiences allow a transformation of the nostalgia for agency into new ‘horizons of expectation’.

Comparative personality research: methodological approaches

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Uher
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Nonhuman Species ◽  
Behavioural Repertoire

In the broadest sense, personality refers to stable inter‐individual variability in behavioural organisation within a particular population. Researching personality in human as well as nonhuman species provides unique possibilities for comparisons across species with different phylogenies, ecologies and social systems. It also allows insights into mechanisms and processes of the evolution of population differences within and between species. The enormous diversity across species entails particular challenges to methodology. This paper explores theoretical approaches and analytical methods of deriving dimensions of inter‐individual variability on different population levels from a personality trait perspective. The existing diversity suggests that some populations, especially some species, may exhibit different or even unique trait domains. Therefore, a methodology is needed that identifies ecologically valid and comprehensive representations of the personality variation within each population. I taxonomise and compare current approaches in their suitability for this task. I propose a new bottom–up approach—the behavioural repertoire approach—that is tailored to the specific methodological requirements of comparative personality research. Initial empirical results in nonhuman primates emphasise the viability of this approach and highlight interesting implications for human personality research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Conhecimento Populacional Sobre o Caramujo Africano (Achatina Fulica) em Várzea Grande-MT: Visão de Moradores e Estudantes

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Maria Aparecida da Silva Alves ◽  
Neiva Sales Rodrigues ◽  
Renata Freitag ◽  
Jakson Bofinger
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
State School ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
De Se ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Survey Results

O molusco exótico Achatina fulica é classificado como uma das mais preocupantes espécies invasoras do mundo, sendo considerado sério problema ambiental, de saúde pública e econômica, sendo frequentemente encontrado em ambientes antrópicos, e em vários locais do Brasil. Esse molusco pode estar associado ao tipo de ambiente e a sua capacidade de se adaptar, principalmente, em bairros que propiciam locais com muito entulho, lixo e umidade, em que este molusco se adapta com muita facilidade. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o grau de conhecimento dos moradores e estudantes do bairro Marajoara II, em Várzea Grande-MT, a respeito do caramujo africano, e dispor soluções para o controle populacional da espécie. Um questionário foi aplicado na comunidade do bairro e na escola Estadual Maria Leite Marcoski para saber o grau de conhecimento dos moradores sobre o caramujo africano. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que tanto os entrevistados do bairro, quanto os da escola não têm informações sobre o molusco A. fulica, o que gera a necessidade de palestras educativas com a comunidade escolar e do bairro, para mais informações sobre o assunto.Palavras-chave: Conhecimento Local. Espécie Exótica. Molusco.AbstractThe exotic mollusk Achatina fulica is classified as one of the most troublesome invasive species in the world and is considered a serious environmental, public and economic health problem, often being found in man-made environments, and in many parts of Brazil. This mollusk may be associated with the type of environment and its ability to adapt, especially in neighborhoods that provides places with a lot of garbage, trash and moisture where it fits very easily. This study aims to assess the degree of knowledge of the residents from Marajoara II district of Várzea Grande-MT, about the African snail, and propose solutions to control this species population . A questionnaire was applied to the neighborhood community and the state school Maria Leite Marcoski to know the inhabitants knowledge degree of the African snail. The survey results showed that both respondents in the neighborhood, as the school has no information about the mollusk A. fulica, which creates the need for educational lectures with the school community and neighborhood, for more information on the subject.Keywords: Local Knowledge. Exotic Species. Mollusk.

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