Movement Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 393-429
Author(s):  
Andrea C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
General Term ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
P Movement

Movement disorders are neurologic syndromes in which movement is either excessive (hyperkinesia) or too little (hypokinesia). A general term used for both hyperkinesia and hypokinesia is dyskinesia, which is defined as difficulty performing voluntary movements. The prototypic hypokinetic movement disorder is Parkinson disease (PD). Other terms used to describe this movement disorder are bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and akinesia (loss of movement).

Classification and Approach to Movement Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Paul E. Youssef ◽  
Kenneth J. Mack ◽  
Kelly D. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Normal Flow ◽  
Slow Movement ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
P Movement

Movement disorders are conventionally divided into 2 major categories. Hyperkinetic movement disorders (also called dyskinesias) are excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude into the normal flow of motor activity. This category includes chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, stereotypies, tics, and tremor. Hypokinetic movement disorders are akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movement), bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity. Parkinsonism is the most common hypokinetic movement disorder. In childhood, hyperkinetic disorders are common, whereas hypokinetic movement disorders are relatively uncommon.

Hypokinetic Movement Disorders: Parkinson Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Tisel ◽  
Bryan T. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Rest Tremor ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Progressive Degeneration

Parkinson disease (PD) is the classic hypokinetic movement disorder and one of the most common and widely recognized neurodegenerative conditions. PD is distinct from parkinsonism, a term that refers to a syndrome of rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The mechanism behind the progressive degeneration and cell death that result in PD is not precisely understood. Substantia nigra depigmentation occurs on a macroscopic level and loss of dopaminergic neurons and gliosis on a microscopic level.

Neoplastic Diseases

2016 ◽  
pp. 625-632
Author(s):  
Alyx B. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Wilson Disease ◽  
Neoplastic Diseases ◽  
Medication Effect ◽  
P Movement

Movement disorders are common in adult clinical practice. An important first step in evaluation and management of these disorders is identification of a potentially reversible cause, most commonly medication effect. All patients younger than 50 years presenting with any type of movement disorder should be evaluated for Wilson disease.

Movement Disorder Emergencies and Movement Disorders in the ICU

2018 ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Mihai C. Sandulescu ◽  
Edward A. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder ◽  
P Movement ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Emergency

Movement disorders include syndromes characterized by either slowness and paucity of voluntary movement (hypokinetic disorders) or involuntary movements (hyperkinetic disorders). Both types of movement disorder can present as a clinical emergency, where prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to avoid morbidity or mortality. This chapter reviews the most common hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorder emergencies encountered in the hospital and intensive care unit, emphasizing diagnostic workup and practical management. Hypokinetic emergencies include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome, acute parkinsonism, and psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. Hyperkinetic emergencies include hemiballismus-hemichorea, autoimmune orobuccolingual dyskinesia, serotonin syndrome, posthypoxic and other types of myoclonus, and acute dystonia. Diagnosis of these disorders is nearly always based on clinical evaluation; rapid recognition often results in effective treatment and a good prognosis for recovery. Consequently, familiarity with diagnosis and management of movement disorder emergencies is both important and useful.

scholarly journals Correction: Genetic testing for Parkinson disease: current practice, knowledge, and attitudes among US and Canadian movement disorders specialists

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy N. Alcalay ◽  
Caitlin Kehoe ◽  
Evan Shorr ◽  
Roseanna Battista ◽  
Anne Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Practice Knowledge

Gamma knife radiosurgery as a lesioning technique in movement disorder surgery

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Young ◽  
Anne Shumway-Cook ◽  
Sandra S. Vermeulen ◽  
Peter Grimm ◽  
John Blasko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Maximum Deviation

Fifty-five patients underwent radiosurgical placement of lesions either in the thalamus (27 patients) or globus pallidus (28 patients) for treatment of movement disorders. Patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively by a team of observers skilled in the assessment of gait and movement disorders who were blinded to the procedure performed. They were not associated with the surgical team and concomitantly and blindly also assessed a group of 11 control patients with Parkinson's disease who did not undergo any surgical procedures. All stereotactic lesions were made with the Leksell gamma unit using the 4-mm secondary collimator helmet and a single isocenter with dose maximums from 120 to 160 Gy. Clinical follow-up evaluation indicated that 88% of patients who underwent thalamotomy became tremor free or nearly tremor free. Statistically significant improvements in performance were noted in the independent assessments of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores in the patients undergoing thalamotomy. Eighty-five and seven-tenths percent of patients undergoing pallidotomy who had exhibited levodopa-induced dyskinesias had total or near-total relief of that symptom. Clinical assessment indicated improvement of bradykinesia and rigidity in 64.3% of patients who underwent pallidotomy. Independent blinded assessments did not reveal statistically significant improvements in Hoehn and Yahr scores or UPDRS scores. On the other hand, 64.7% of patients showed improvements in subscores of the UPDRS, including activities of daily living (58%), total contralateral score (58%), and contralateral motor scores (47%). Ipsilateral total UPDRS and ipsilateral motor scores were both improved in 59% of patients. One (1.8%) of 55 patients experienced a homonymous hemianopsia 9 months after pallidotomy due to an unexpectedly large lesion. No other complications of any kind were seen. Follow-up neuroimaging confirmed correct lesion location in all patients, with a mean maximum deviation from the planned target of 1 mm in the vertical axis. Measurements of lesions at regular interals on postoperative magnetic resonance images demonstrated considerable variability in lesion volumes. The safety and efficacy of functional lesions made with the gamma knife appear to be similar to those made with the assistance of electrophysiological guidance with open functional stereotactic procedures. Functional lesions may be made safely and accurately using gamma knife radiosurgical techniques. The efficacy is equivalent to that reported for open techniques that use radiofrequency lesioning methods with electrophysiological guidance. Complications are very infrequent with the radiosurgical method. The use of functional radiosurgical lesioning to treat movement disorders is particularly attractive in older patients and those with major systemic diseases or coagulopathies; its use in the general movement disorder population seems reasonable as well.

Sleep-Related Movement Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Ravi Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Restless Legs Syndrome ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Treatable Condition

Sleep-related movement disorders include disorders that manifest as simple and mostly stereotyped movements occurring at sleep–wake interface or during sleep. Restless legs syndrome (RLS), the most common sleep-related movement disorder. RLS is a treatable condition that psychiatrists must be familiar with due to its common comorbidity with a broad range of psychiatric disorders. In addition, commonly used psychotropic medications are known to induce or worsen RLS symptoms in predisposed individuals, and these symptoms may be mistaken for akathisia or sleep-initiation insomnia and lead to mismanagement. This chapter discusses, among other RLS-related topics, the diagnosis, epidemiology, predisposing factors, genetic factors, and the role of iron metabolism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document