Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Treatment Research ◽  
Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder

The Primer on Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders provides new practitioners and trainees, as well as experienced clinicians and researchers, with the needed translational and evidence-based information for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD and closely related disorders. The translational and evidence-based approach presented in the Primer is the state-of-the-art for clinicians and basic scientists, linking empirically supported practices with their theoretical, neurobiological, and epidemiological bases. The international experts in the field bring outstanding depth and breadth to the topic.Trauma affects millions of children, adolescents and adults, with manifestations including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, traumatic grief or persistent complex bereavement disorder, adjustment disorder, and reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement disorders. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders are the only diagnoses requiring a traumatic or stressful event. They affect millions of people worldwide due to abuse, accidents, disasters, refugee status, genocide, and war. Genetic, neurobiological, diagnostic, and treatment research explores the causative linkages to developmental trauma, and other mental and physical conditions. These disabling disorders predict high risk of depression, medical-surgical problems, substance abuse, suicidal behavior, anxiety and dissociative disorders.To address these common and often comorbid conditions, Drs. Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano present an up-to-date expertly edited volume to provide mental health students, trainees, and professionals with critical information, plus updates on the new advances in the field and illustrative cases.

Pharmacologic Treatment of Adults with Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Benedek ◽  
Gary H. Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatment ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Meta Analyses

This chapter reviews evidence-based pharmacological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorder in adults. Emphasis is given to treatments that have received the strongest recommendations in published practice guidelines, clinical trials, and meta-analyses. Mention is also made of pharmacological interventions introduced subsequent to changes in diagnostic definitions that occurred with the shift to the category trauma- and stress-related disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition). Medications covered in this chapter are across a broad range of classes and include serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and benzodiazepines. The discussion addresses medications used as monotherapy and as medication augmentation.

Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments: EMDR

2012 ◽  
pp. 448-462
Author(s):  
C. Richard Spates ◽  
Sophie Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Psychological Treatments ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Theoretical Mechanism ◽  
Effectiveness Trials ◽  
Empirical Foundation

In this chapter we review the empirical foundation for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reproessing Therapy (EMDR) for posttraumatic stress disorder. We present a brief description of the therapy, critically review recent primary and meta-analytic investigations concerning its efficacy and effectiveness, offer a summary of recent primary investigations that addressed the mechanism of action for EMDR, and based on this overall review, we suggest limitations with recommendations for future research. Recent empirical investigations of the efficacy of EMDR have improved along a number of important dimensions, and these along with the few completed effectiveness trials, position this therapy among evidence-based frontline interventions for PTSD. What is less thoroughly researched, and thus less well understood, are putative models of its theoretical mechanism of action. In addition to continuing specific improvements in research concerning efficacy and effectiveness, we recommend more and higher quality empirical studies of its mechanism of action.

Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Attachment Disorder ◽  
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ◽  
Reactive Attachment

The chapter “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders” is new to DSM-5 and includes two disorders that begin in childhood (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. In each condition, the individual has been exposed to a traumatic or stressful event or, in the case of the childhood conditions, early social neglect. The disorders are briefly reviewed, and interested readers are referred to reviews on PTSD and adjustment disorders.  This review contains 5 tables, and 28 references. Key words: acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reactive attachment disorder, stressors, trauma 

Trauma in Late Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Sakauye ◽  
James E. Nininger
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Traumatic Grief ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Biological Differences

This chapter focuses on the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic problems in the elderly and reviews information on resilience and suggested treatment approaches. While posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly has been studied, less is known about other common trauma- and stressor-related disorders including adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and traumatic grief. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) defines trauma as “exposure or actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.” It must be directly experienced, witnessed, or occur to a family member or friend, or it could be a repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event. No event is always traumatic, and, conversely, even a seemingly mild negative event can be traumatic to some individuals. Two presumed variables are (a) appraisal of the situation (whether a person feels in control) and (b) individual biological differences in responsiveness.

scholarly journals Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazish Imran ◽  
Irum Aamer ◽  
Muhammad Imran Sharif ◽  
Zubair Hassan Bodla ◽  
Sadiq Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
The Impact

As COVID-19 grips the world, many people are quarantined or isolated resulting in adverse consequences for the mental health of youth. This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. Three electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched. Two independent reviewers performed title and abstract screening followed by full-text screening. This review article included 10 studies. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. The most common diagnoses were acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, grief, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Three studies during the COVID-19 pandemic reported restlessness, irritability, anxiety, clinginess and inattention with increased screen time in children during quarantine. These adverse consequences can be tackled through carefully formulated multilevel interventions. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088 How to cite this:Imran N, Aamer I, Sharif MI, Bodla ZH, Naveed S. Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Adjustment Disorders

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J Strain ◽  
Matthew Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stressful Life Event ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Psychiatric State

The adjustment disorder (AD) diagnosis has clinical appeal to both doctors and patients. The idea of temporary emotional symptoms resulting directly from a stressful life event is viewed as a more normal human reaction than an idiopathic pathologic psychiatric state and is therefore less stigmatizing. Additionally, the disorder's more benign course (especially in adults) encourages a clinician to be more prognostically optimistic. This chapter discusses the prevalence, epidemiology, course and prognosis, and etiology of ADs. Also reviewed are AD subtypes proposed but not accepted for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), including the acute stress disorder/posttraumatic stress disorder subtype and the bereavement-related subtype. Treatment options are covered, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and primary care. Tables outline diagnostic criteria for ADs in DSM-IV, stress-related disorders in DSM-5, DSM classifications, ADs in mental illness and medical settings, and subtypes of DSM-IV, text revision adjustment disorders. Graphs categorize patients diagnosed with ADs according to type of illness and the prognosis for recovery from ADs in adolescents and adults.This chapter contains 2 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, 109 references, and 5 MCQs.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Nader ◽  
Mary Beth Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Dissociative Symptoms

Developmental age and symptom variations influence treatment needs for trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRD). TSRD include disorders found in children age 6 and under (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] < 6) and those described for individuals who are older than age 6 (PTSD, PTSD with dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder, adjustment reactions, and other specific TSRD, e.g., complicated grief). Treatments for children under age 6 primarily focus on caregiver–child dyads. Post-trauma symptoms such as those described for PTSD with dissociative symptoms, complicated grief, and complicated trauma require alterations in proven trauma-focused methods. In addition to appropriately timed processing of the trauma, treatments for youths are best when they are multifaceted (also include, for example, focus on support systems and relationships; self-skills, e.g., regulation, coping; and other age, symptom, and trait-related factors). For children, treatment methods often include creative methods as well (e.g., drawings, storytelling).

Post-traumatic stress disorder: present and future

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. i-vi ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Crumlish
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Prolonged Response

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) differ from almost every other psychiatric diagnosis in that they may only be diagnosed with reference to an aetiological event – an external traumatic stressor. ASD occurs immediately after the stressor and is comparatively short-lived, while PTSD is a prolonged abnormal response that may take months to develop. The types of stressor leading to ASD and PTSD are identical and were intended to be tightly defined, involving a perceived threat of death, serious injury or loss of physical integrity.It is useful initially to distinguish ASD and PTSD from adjustment disorders, which are also diagnosed only after an observable life event. An adjustment disorder may be thought of as a gradual and prolonged response to stressful changes in a person's life. The range of stressors precipitating an adjustment disorder is potentially much broader than that precipitating ASD or PTSD, as a threat of death or injury is not needed.Indeed, a ‘threat’ as such is not needed, as the event may be a loss. Events such as job loss or the breakup of a relationship may lead to an adjustment disorder, as well as threats such as accidents or assaults. The diagnostic criteria for adjustment disorder do not specify what the immediate response, if any, to the precipitating stressor must be.

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