Commentary on the Beauchamp-DeGrazia Framework of Principles

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Landi
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
The Three Rs

Many of us in the animal research community regularly face an internal conflict. We witness developments of new treatments while recognizing that animals experience study-based harms despite our systems of care. Beauchamp and DeGrazia identify significant gaps left by reigning models of harm–benefit principles and the Three Rs. Their six principles must be seriously considered in debates about the conditions of morally justified animal research because they provoke bioethical questions neglected by harm–benefit analyses (HBA) and the Three Rs. However, some problems need more discussion than can be found in Beauchamp and DeGrazia’s framework. For example, more material on basic research and its justification would be helpful, as would analysis of how improvements in study design are paramount for increasing the benefit of HBA.

A Climate for Science Policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Science Policy ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
Federal Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Second World

Led by the Meteorological Service of Canada, atmospheric research in Canada underwent a period of rapid growth after the end of the Second World War. Within this federal organization, and in response to operational challenges and staff shortages, there were significant investments in basic research and in research oriented toward external users within Canada. Specifically, new policies and programs were put in place to enable the organization to gain legitimacy within the scientific community and within the federal government. New links with stakeholders and, more importantly, the development of explicit policies to guide research were a prime focus. These formalized strategies for pursuing two parallel types of research generated some internal conflict, but also helped form a common scientific identity among personnel. There were concerted efforts to disseminate research products and reinforce links both with the scientific community and with external users of meteorological and climatological research. Borne out by quantitative data, this science policy–centered history sheds light on the development of research and research specializations in the field in Canada. Most importantly, it provides insight into the global postwar expansion of the atmospheric sciences, which is strongly tied to national contexts. Indeed, the quest for legitimacy and the close connection to government priorities is central to the history of the atmospheric sciences in the twentieth century. More broadly, this case study points to a possible new conception of government science driven by political, bureaucratic, and scientific imperatives, as a means to shed light on scientific networks and practices.

scholarly journals Coordinating a new approach to basic research into Parkinson’s disease

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Schekman ◽  
Ekemini AU Riley
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Research Community ◽  
International Network ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
New Therapies

The Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) initiative is building an international network of researchers to improve our understanding of the biology underlying Parkinson's disease. Developing a better understanding of how the disease originates and progresses will, we hope, lead to new therapies. The ASAP initiative will incentivize collaboration between the existing PD research community and other researchers and will be committed to open-science practices.

The Three Rs of Animal Research: What they Mean for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and Why

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Curzer ◽  
Gad Perry ◽  
Mark C. Wallace ◽  
Dan Perry
Keyword(s):  
Animal Research ◽  
Animal Care ◽  
The Three Rs

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica

US Neurology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Marcelo Matiello ◽  
Brian G Weinshenker ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Treatments

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by severe attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis. A specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) autoantibody, NMO-IgG, is present in NMO patients. Its discovery facilitates the early recognition of NMO, differentiation of NMO from multiple sclerosis (MS), and recognition of a broader spectrum of manifestations of NMO. Following an attack of NMO, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone is the treatment of choice. Plasmapheresis is recommended for attacks that do not respond to first-line treatment. For long-term relapse prevention, immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and mitoxantrone are recommended rather than the immunomodulatory agents used for MS. The study of NMO has rapidly progressed due to the successful translation of the discovery of a specific biomarker into clinical practice and basic research. The discovery of the antigenic target of NMO-IgG, the water channel aquaporin-4, improved understanding of the physiopathology of NMO and may lead to the development of new treatments.

scholarly journals New treatments in neurorehabiliation founded on basic research

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Taub ◽  
Gitendra Uswatte ◽  
Thomas Elbert
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
New Treatments

scholarly journals Emergence of evidence during disease outbreaks: lessons learnt from the Zika virus outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel J Counotte ◽  
Kaspar W Meili ◽  
Nicola Low
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
First Case ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIntroductionOutbreaks of infectious diseases trigger an increase in scientific research and output. Early in outbreaks, evidence is scarce, but it accumulates rapidly. We are continuously facing new disease outbreaks, including the new coronavirus (SARS-nCoV-2) in December 2019.The objective of this study was to describe the accumulation of evidence during the 2013-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Pacific and the Americas related to aetiological causal questions about congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome.MethodsWe hypothesised that the temporal sequence would follow a pre-specified order, according to study design. We assessed 1) how long it takes before findings from a specific study design appear, 2) how publication of preprints could reduce the time to publication and 3) how time to publication evolves over time.ResultsWe included 346 publications published between March 6, 2014 and January 1, 2019. In the 2013-–2016 ZIKV outbreak, case reports, case series and basic research studies were published first. Case-control and cohort studies appeared between 400–700 days after ZIKV was first detected in the region of the study origin. Delay due to the publication process were lowest at the beginning of the outbreak. Only 4.6% of the publications was available as preprints.DiscussionThe accumulation of evidence over time in new causal problems generally followed a hierarchy. Preprints reduced the delay to initial publication. Our methods can be applied to new emerging infectious diseases.

The Ethics of Animal Research

2014 ◽  
pp. 344-363
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Rollin
Keyword(s):  
Pain Control ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Moral Progress ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Research Animal ◽  
Moral Questions

Despite the fact that many more animals and much more suffering occurs in confinement agriculture than in animal research, societal ethics focused first on research. As a result of scientific ideology, the research community did not discuss the ethics of animal research. The numerous uses of animals in research raise many moral questions, particularly regarding how they can be morally justified. Various arguments defending animal research appear to be flawed. Benefits of animal research, for example, do not justify the research that is not beneficial. In addition, animals do not receive the best treatment possible consonant with their use, for example pain control or housing meeting their biological and psychological needs and natures. Some moral progress in this area has been accomplished by the passage of research animal protection laws, which set standards for animal use in research, and also help undercut scientific ideology.

Relating Clinical Study Design to Basic Research

1999 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIAN CHOH ◽  
SANDRA PRIOLO
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Basic Research
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