the three rs
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2022 ◽  
pp. 097168582110587
Author(s):  
Tanuka Endow ◽  
Balwant Singh Mehta

The COVID-19 crisis has revealed a need for rethinking approaches to education and livelihoods. Education in its present dispensation does not provide equitable access to children from marginalized segments of the population. It also suffers from deficits in the areas of social and emotional skills, over-emphasis on the three Rs, language used as a medium of instruction, and excessive competition for scoring marks, among others. There is very low uptake of vocational education. The National Education Policy 2020 tries to address some of these issues and plans on closer integration of vocational education with the school framework. High unemployment rates of educated youth, along with underemployment due to skill mismatch, show poor school-to-work transition and underscore the importance of TVET for youth in the future. Skill already exists in the economy in informal knowledge systems which are largely undocumented and thus not acknowledged in the formal system. These need to be combined with Western-centric knowledge systems so that the imbalance between formally educated/trained workers and informally trained workers is redressed. There is also a need to bring back the joy of learning, as Tagore’s experimentation with education has demonstrated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bunyamin Bunyamin

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the application of the marketing mix strategy through the SWOT formulation can increase the sales volume of processed wood. This research was conducted at the office of PT. Three "Rs" located at Jalan Sultan Abdullah No. 75 Makassar, with the research time required by the author is approximately 3 (three) months starting from the beginning of May to July 2009. The population in this study are all consumers who use processed wood products, for housing development purposes in South Sulawesi, especially in the city of Makassar in the last year, so the population in this study is unknown. While the sample is as many as 300 respondents. Sampling was used using a non-probability sampling approach and the judgment method. Based on the results of the application of SWOT analysis, it appears that the strategy used by PT. The three "Rs" of Makassar in increasing processed wood sales are implementing the SO strategy, which is to make strengths to take advantage of opportunities, then the WO strategy by minimizing weaknesses to maintain opportunities, then the ST strategy using strengths to overcome threats and WT strategies that minimize weaknesses and avoid threats.


2021 ◽  
pp. 026119292110622
Author(s):  
Michael Balls

The Three Rs ( reduction, refinement, replacement) concept put forward by Russell and Burch now appears to be widely accepted. However, their warnings concerning reliance on animals as models for humans, the insurmountable problem of species differences and the impact of human variation, have been downplayed or even ignored. Schemes for harm–benefit analysis have been introduced, but the focus has largely been on harm to the animals, rather than on the direct and indirect benefit to humans, which is much more difficult to evaluate. Greater recognition should be given to the direct or indirect harm to humans resulting from the current over-reliance of biomedical research and testing on data obtained from animal experiments. That will be hard to achieve in the current climate, given the vigorous defence of animal experimentation by those with vested interests, confusion over responsibilities for regulating animal experimentation, hierarchies of regulatory authorities which require or limit experiments on animals, and exaggerated claims about the current availability of new approach methodologies (NAMs) and relevant and reliable strategies for their use. Those who defend animal experimentation at almost any cost must bear part of the responsibility for the human harms which result. Meanwhile, much greater effort should be put into the development, validation and application of new approaches not involving animals.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shania Jafri ◽  
Karrington Hendrix ◽  
Pedro Cuevas ◽  
Igor Pilawski ◽  
Jill Helms

Osteons are the structure and the base foundation of the human skeletal system. This cylindrical structure contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone matrix in humans. To study bone remodeling and bone diseases, mini pigs and rats have mainly been effective models for humans. This study was conducted to examine mouse bone structures in comparison to human, mini pig, and rat bone structures. This addresses the Three Rs principle of clinical testing on animals and proves that mice should be used as models for humans instead of mini pigs and rats. Many scientists prefer not to use mice as models for studying human bone diseases because it has been suggested that their skeletal systems are morphologically and physiologically different–as seen through aging effects. Because mice are easier to produce and can grow at a faster rate, they are more cost and time efficient to use in labs compared to rats and mini pigs. Aniline blue, Ploton silver, picrosirius red stains and TRAP and ALP cellular assays were conducted to analyze bone structures to compare with humans, mini pigs, and rats. Our data did support the hypothesis as explicit similarities between mice bone and other samples such as rats, mini pig, and human was deduced. This study concluded that there were little limitations present by using murine bone as samples for human when studying bone diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 62-62
Author(s):  
Emma N Bermingham

Abstract In a world of the “Three Rs” (replace, reduce and refine), combined with more research published via open access research journals, there is increasing interest in the statistical analysis of existing literature. Meta-analysis – the combination of multiple studies, can be used to get better oversight into a specific question of interest. Additionally, it can be used to identify gaps in knowledge. For example, while there are a number of publications investigating energy requirements in adult cat and dog, few studies assess older animals. Similarly, in the dog, there is a lack of literature around dogs at the extremes of body size (i.e. giant and toy breeds). Herein, we describe several published examples that have been used to determine energy requirements of cats and dogs, and more recently, the impacts of diet on the microbiome of the cat and dog. This includes the use of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, research findings and general findings related to research design and quality.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 846-852
Author(s):  
Kalpana Singh ◽  
Satyendra Kumar Kashyap ◽  
Vandana Garg

Danio rerio, commonly known as zebrafish, is a freshwater aquarium fish and is native to parts of South Asia. It is considered an important organism for analyzing the noxious effects of toxicants and pollutants of the environment. In terms of the molecular signaling pathway, molecular properties, organ functions and structures, and neurogenesis, zebrafish are similar to certain other higher-order vertebrates. The 3Rs, refinement,reduction, and replacement in researchhavegradually evolved with time. The accumulation of toxicants in the environment and the human health conditions from exposure to toxicants present in the environment is a serious concern, and zebrafish serves as an excellent model to research such effects. The three Rs are met by zebrafish, larvae can also be used to discover harmful medication compounds, permitting safer compounds to be explored in model organisms and it could also be used to substitute certain toxicological testing.Also, because embryos are fertilized outside and are visible during the initial days of life, the early larval model of zebrafish enables flexibility to animal research study, subsequently reducing the number of animals employed in experiments.For various experimentation studies, the larva of the zebrafish is proved to be a useful model for the system.Thus, being a good test system, zebrafish are used in environmental health and safety studies.This review focuses on the toxicological studiesin zebrafish and outlines the toxicological studies done on zebrafish with arsenic and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as well as microplastic toxicity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10093
Author(s):  
Carrie M. Leslie ◽  
Alva I. Strand ◽  
Elizabeth A. Ross ◽  
Giovanni Tolentino Ramos ◽  
Eli S. Bridge ◽  
...  

The “Three Rs of Sustainability—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,” are central tenets of many community waste-management programs promoting responsible use of natural resources and ecosystem services. Over the past few decades, recycling has become widespread, but monetary and energy expenditures required to transport and transform waste materials have led to downsizing of recycling programs globally and in the U.S. This trend increases the need for effective reducing and reusing practices as alternatives to recycling. Using a survey experiment to examine motivations that underlie reducing and reusing behaviors, individuals reported their current reducing, reusing, and recycling practices. Respondents then were provided with three hypothetical scenarios that described (1) an external waste-management threat to public well-being, (2) social/peer pressure from family and friends towards sustainable decision-making, and (3) increased convenience of reusing and reducing practices. These messages reflect previously identified RRR motivations. After the scenarios, the questions regarding recycling, reducing, and reusing behavior were presented again to test for changes in the responses. All three scenarios were effective in increasing intended reducing and reusing behavior. The threat scenario was slightly more effective than the others, particularly among individuals who reported behavior with considerable recycling practices but not as much reducing and reusing.


2021 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1629
Author(s):  
Quan M. Phan ◽  
Iwona M. Driskell ◽  
Ryan R. Driskell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymeric Houstin ◽  
Daniel P. Zitterbart ◽  
Alexander Winterl ◽  
Sebastian Richter ◽  
Víctor Planas-Bielsa ◽  
...  

An increasing number of marine animals are equipped with biologgers, to study their physiology, behaviour and ecology, often for conservation purposes. To minimise the impacts of biologgers on the animals′ welfare, the Refinement principle from the Three Rs framework (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) urges to continuously test and evaluate new and updated biologging protocols. Here, we propose alternative and promising techniques for emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri ) capture and on–site logger deployment that aim to mitigate the potential negative impacts of logger deployment on these birds. We equipped adult emperor penguins for short–term (GPS, Time–Depth Recorder (TDR)) and long–term (i.e. planned for one year) deployments (ARGOS platforms, TDR), as well as juvenile emperor penguins for long-term deployments (ARGOS platforms) in the Weddell Sea area where they had not yet been studied. We describe and qualitatively evaluate our protocols for the attachment of biologgers on–site at the colony, the capture of the animals and the recovery of the devices after deployment. We report unprecedented recaptures of long–term equipped adult emperor penguins (50% of equipped individuals recaptured after 290 days). Our data demonstrate that the traditional technique of long–term attachment by gluing the biologgers directly to the back feathers is detrimental to the birds. It causes excessive feather breakage and the loss of the devices at an early stage. We therefore propose an alternative method of attachment for back–mounted devices. This technique led to successful year–round deployments on 37.5% of the equipped juveniles. Finally, we also disclose the first deployments of leg–bracelet mounted TDRs on emperor penguins. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring potential impacts of biologger deployments on the animals and the need to remain critical towards established and new protocols.


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