Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by severe attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis. A specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) autoantibody, NMO-IgG, is present in NMO patients. Its discovery facilitates the early recognition of NMO, differentiation of NMO from multiple sclerosis (MS), and recognition of a broader spectrum of manifestations of NMO. Following an attack of NMO, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone is the treatment of choice. Plasmapheresis is recommended for attacks that do not respond to first-line treatment. For long-term relapse prevention, immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and mitoxantrone are recommended rather than the immunomodulatory agents used for MS. The study of NMO has rapidly progressed due to the successful translation of the discovery of a specific biomarker into clinical practice and basic research. The discovery of the antigenic target of NMO-IgG, the water channel aquaporin-4, improved understanding of the physiopathology of NMO and may lead to the development of new treatments.