Protozoal infections of the gut

Clinical Syndromes

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize protozoal infections of the human gut, starting with a classification system and then providing specific notes on amoebiasis and Giardia infection. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Clinical Significance ◽

Classification System ◽

Q Fever ◽

Intracellular Bacteria ◽

Rickettsial Infection ◽

Obligate Intracellular ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Obligate Intracellular Bacteria ◽

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, and Bartonella species. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including the typhus group (caused by rickettsial infection) and Q fever. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Infections caused by spirochaetes

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Clinical Significance ◽

Classification System ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by spirochaetes. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including leptospirosis, syphilis, non-venereal treponemes, and relapsing fevers. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Trematodes (flukes)

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Blood Flukes ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Liver Flukes

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize human trematode (‘fluke’) infections, starting with a classification of relevant organisms. The chapter is then divided into four sections comprising liver flukes, gut flukes, tissue (lung) flukes. and blood flukes (Schistosoma). For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Infections caused by RNA viruses

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

T Lymphotropic Virus ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Causes Of Disease ◽

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize RNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes measles, polio, hepatitis A, C, and E viruses, rabies, arboviruses, and viral haemorrhagic fevers. The chapter also includes sections on important retroviruses, HIV, and human T-lymphotropic virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Infections caused by DNA viruses

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Dna Viruses ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

B Virus ◽

Causes Of Disease ◽

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize DNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes pox viruses and hepatitis B virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Causes Of Disease ◽

Gram Negative Organisms ◽

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-negative organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella species (including typhoid and paratyphoid), Brucella, melioid, Campylobacter, and meningococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Tularemia: A review of pathogenesis, clinical presentations and current diagnostic and treatment approaches

Internal Medicine Review ◽

10.18103/imr.v2i10.139 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Snowden ◽

Aileen Aldrich ◽

Morgan Shaw

Keyword(s):

Health Care Providers ◽

Potential Role ◽

Care Providers ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Zoonotic Infection ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Infectious Pathogen ◽

New Treatment

Tularemia is a highly infectious pathogen, important for both its role as a cause of acute febrile zoonotic infection and its potential role as a bioweapon. It can present with multiple possible clinical syndromes, requiring a high index of clinical suspicion on the part of health care providers. This review discusses the pathogenesis and clinical syndromes associated with tularemia infection, as well as reviewing current diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies. Further study is on-going to design more effective treatment and prevention strategies for both endemic and potentially weaponized tularemia infections. Additionally, continuing education of clinicians in endemic areas will be needed to raise awareness of the variety of clinical phenotypes associated with this infection, as well as update providers on new treatment and diagnostic options as they become available.

Alterations in the Composition of Intestinal DNA Virome in Patients With COVID-19

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.790422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Zhen-Hua Lu ◽

Hao-Wei Zhou ◽

Wei-Kang Wu ◽

Ting Fu ◽

Min Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Digestive System ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Bacterial Population ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Human Gut ◽

Dna Viruses ◽

First Time

Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection mainly present with respiratory issues and related symptoms, in addition to significantly affected digestive system, especially the intestinal tract. While several studies have shown changes in the intestinal flora of patients with COVID-19, not much information is available on the gut virome of such patients. In this study, we used the viromescan software on the latest gut virome database to analyze the intestinal DNA virome composition of 15 patients with COVID-19 and investigated the characteristic alternations, particularly of the intestinal DNA virome to further explore the influence of COVID-19 on the human gut. The DNA viruses in the gut of patients with COVID-19 were mainly crAss-like phages (35.48%), Myoviridae (20.91%), and Siphoviridae (20.43%) family of viruses. Compared with healthy controls, the gut virome composition of patients with COVID-19 changed significantly, especially the crAss-like phages family, from the first time of hospital admission. A potential correlation is also indicated between the change in virome and bacteriome (like Tectiviridae and Bacteroidaceae). The abundance of the viral and bacterial population was also analyzed through continuous sample collection from the gut of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. The gut virome is indeed affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and along with gut bacteriome, it may play an important role in the disease progression of COVID-19. These conclusions would be helpful in understanding the gut-related response and contribute to the treatment and prevention strategies of COVID-19.

Nematodes (roundworms)

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0014 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Onchocerca Volvulus ◽

River Blindness ◽

Loa Loa ◽

Filarial Infection ◽

Guinea Worm ◽

Clinical Syndromes

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize human nematode (‘roundworm’) infections, starting with a classification of relevant organisms. The chapter then goes on to cover Ascaris, Trichinella, Enterobius (‘pin worm’), Trichuris (‘whip worm’), Necator and Ancylostoma (‘hook worms’), and Strongyloides (‘thread worm’). The chapter concludes with a section dedicated to filarial infection, including lymphatic filariasis, Loa Loa (‘eye worm’), Onchocerca volvulus (‘river blindness’), and Dracunculus (‘Guinea worm’). For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria

10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philippa C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Causes Of Disease ◽

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-positive organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes anthrax, tetanus, clostridial infections, diphtheria, and streptococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.